Question

1. (p. 571, ¶1) where was philip held hostage, and what did he learn there?
2. (p. 571, ¶2) what made philips army different from earlier greek armies?
3. (p. 571, ¶3-4) identify two military features that made the macedonian army effective.
4. (p. 572, ¶1-2) why did the peloponnesian war weaken greece long-term?
5. (p. 573, ¶1) what happened at the battle of chaeronea?
6. (p. 573, ¶2) what was the purpose of the corinthian league?

Explanation:

1. Philip II of Macedon was held hostage in Thebes, where he learned advanced Greek military tactics, especially the Theban phalanx formation, and studied Greek politics and statecraft.
2. Philip's army combined Macedonian warrior traditions with refined Greek military tactics, used a standardized, professional standing army (instead of citizen militias), and integrated new specialized units.
3. Two key features: 1) The Macedonian phalanx, armed with long sarissa pikes that outranged enemy weapons, creating an impenetrable defensive and offensive formation; 2) Combined arms tactics, pairing the phalanx with heavy cavalry (Companion Cavalry) to flank and break enemy lines.
4. The Peloponnesian War weakened Greece long-term by devastating city-states through loss of population, economic ruin, and widespread destruction; it also destroyed the cooperative unity between Greek city-states, leaving them divided and vulnerable to outside conquest, while eroding the traditional civic values that underpinned their societies.
5. At the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE), Philip II of Macedon, leading a combined Macedonian and allied army, defeated the joint forces of Athens and Thebes. This victory gave Philip control over most of Greece, ending Greek city-state independence and paving the way for his son Alexander the Great's conquests.
6. The Corinthian League, founded by Philip II after Chaeronea, was designed to unify Greek city-states under Macedonian leadership. Its core purpose was to coordinate a pan-Hellenic military campaign against the Persian Empire, while also preventing future conflict between Greek city-states and securing Macedonian dominance over Greece.

Answer:

1. Hostage location: Thebes; He learned advanced Greek military tactics (including the Theban phalanx) and Greek political systems.
2. It was a professional, standing army that merged Macedonian and refined Greek tactics, with specialized units.
3. 1. The long-sarissa Macedonian phalanx; 2. Combined arms warfare (phalanx + heavy cavalry).
4. It caused widespread population/economic damage, destroyed Greek city-state unity, and left them vulnerable to outside invasion.
5. Philip II of Macedon defeated Athens and Thebes, gaining control over most of Greece and ending Greek city-state self-rule.
6. To unify Greek city-states under Macedonian leadership for a planned invasion of Persia, and to prevent internal Greek conflict.