Question

1. according to the passage, what factor contributed to the intensification of trade in the indian ocean during the hellenistic and roman periods? a. the reliance solely on land - based trade routes b. the opening of red sea ports and improved understanding of monsoon winds c. the disruption of established trade patterns by european powers d. the decline of social networks based on geography, ethnicity, and religion

Explanation:

Hellenistic and Roman Indian Ocean trade grew due to access to Red Sea ports, which created maritime trade hubs, and knowledge of monsoon winds that allowed reliable, scheduled voyages. Option A is incorrect because land routes would not intensify ocean trade. Option C is wrong as European power disruption happened much later. Option D is incorrect because social networks supported, not declined, trade.

Answer:

B. The opening of Red Sea ports and improved understanding of monsoon winds