Question

demographic transition reading questions
directions: utilize the reading to answer these questions. they should all be at least one sentence. the reading is available online or there are paper copies available.
stage 1

1. look up and then summarize what the word pre - agrarian means in 2 sentences.
2. will there be a larger population of old or young people during stage 1? explain your answer.
3. describe birth rates and death rates during this period and then predict why you think this was the case.
4. what countries does the article say are currently in stage 1? explain how the population change notes disagree with this list.

stage 2

1. explain the main technological difference between stage 1 and stage 2?
2. analyze how the increase in food affects the people medically speaking?
3. summarize the way in which the food and medical changes in this period would affect the overall population (think specifically of population size and death rates).
4. why do you think birth rates do not change much from stage 1 to stage 2.
5. what event do the notes put in stage 2 that this reading does not?
6. what countries does this reading say are in stage 2?

stage 3

1. according to the reading, what specific technological innovations are part of industrialization?

demographic transition
stage 1
stage 1 of the demographic transition model is known as the pre - agrarian period. birth rates, the number of births per 1,000 people, and death rates, the number of deaths per 1,000 people, are relatively high. this stage is characterized by the number of deaths equaling the number of births, so there is no real growth. countries associated with this stage of the demographic transition include somalia, afghanistan, and sierra leone.
stage 2
in stage 2 of the demographic transition, or the agrarian period, agriculture is developed as an important economic activity. agriculturally based societies use simple tools to plant and cultivate crops; no complex machines are used at this point because they had not yet been introduced to these countries. as a direct result of agricultural activities, an increase in the food supply led to an overall increase in the caloric intake of the population. as people have more food to eat, the death rate begins to decrease. the birth rate, however, remains relatively unchanged through most of stage 2 because people do not change their social behavior. in fact, the fertility rate usually increases to more than 3% as people live through childbearing age. as the model in ir - 17 and ir - 18 demonstrates, the total population begins an aggressive climb through stage 2. countries in this stage of demographic transition include guatemala, vietnam, and the philippine islands.
stage 3
stage 3 is considered the period of industrialization. with the advent of complex machines (e.g., tractor, cotton gin, and spinning jenny), people were able to increase the efficiency of producing food and clothing. more land could be cultivated in less time, allowing people to utilize their time in other ways. people often maximized their extra time by pursuing educational opportunities or researching and developing new technology. this new knowledge led to a general improvement in health care and sanitation, thus causing life expectancy to increase.
in addition to the economic changes during stage 3 of the demographic transition, there were social changes. because fewer farmers were needed, there was an increase in urbanization as unemployed farmers moved to cities looking for jobs in factories. in more developed countries, these rural migrants moved to tenement housing, usually close to the factories. in less developed countries, migrants lived in similar - low - level housing and slumlike conditions. in brazil, these settlements are called favelas; in northern mexico and the southwestern united states, they are called colonias or barrios; in europe, they are known as ghettos.
one result of industrialization on the population growth rate in many societies is that fewer children are needed as labor resources. if children are not working in the fields or factories and contributing to the familys overall income, they become an economic liability rather than an economic resource. as social and economic priorities change due to a society becoming more economically developed, the family structure changes and the growth rate, or natural increase rate, slows down.
© 2014 region 4 education service center
page 1 of 2
geography by design, volume 5

Explanation:

1. "Pre - agrarian" refers to the time before the development of agriculture. It was a period when people did not engage in large - scale farming but relied on hunting, gathering, and fishing.
2. During Stage 1, there will be a larger population of young people. High birth rates mean more children are born, and due to high death rates, people do not live long enough to reach old age in large numbers.
3. In Stage 1, both birth rates and death rates are relatively high. This was likely the case because of limited medical knowledge, high - risk living conditions (such as hunting dangerous animals), and lack of stable food sources.
4. The article mentions Somalia, Afghanistan, and Sierra Leone as countries in Stage 1. Population Change notes might disagree because different data sources or different criteria for defining the stage could be used.
5. The main technological difference between Stage 1 and Stage 2 is the development of agriculture in Stage 2. In Stage 1, there was no agriculture, while in Stage 2, simple tools were used for farming.
6. The increase in food in Stage 2 affects people medically by allowing for better nutrition. This can lead to stronger immune systems, fewer diseases related to malnutrition, and potentially lower infant and child - mortality rates.
7. The increase in food and medical changes in Stage 2 cause the overall population to grow. The decrease in death rates due to better nutrition and some medical improvements, combined with relatively high birth rates, leads to population growth.
8. Birth rates do not change much from Stage 1 to Stage 2 because social and cultural factors that influence fertility (such as the need for children for labor in the family, cultural norms regarding family size) remain relatively stable.
9. The notes might put in an event like the introduction of new farming techniques or the spread of certain crops in Stage 2 that the reading does not mention.
10. The reading says Guatemala, Vietnam, and the Philippine Islands are in Stage 2.
11. Specific technological innovations of industrialization in Stage 3 include tractors, cotton gins, and spinning jennies. These machines increased the efficiency of food production and textile manufacturing.

Answer:

1. "Pre - agrarian" means the time before agriculture. People relied on hunting, gathering, and fishing.
2. There will be a larger population of young people. High birth rates and high death rates mean fewer reach old age.
3. Birth and death rates are high. Due to limited medical knowledge and unstable food sources.
4. Somalia, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone. Different data or criteria may cause disagreement.
5. Agriculture development in Stage 2; no agriculture in Stage 1.
6. Better nutrition, stronger immune systems, lower malnutrition - related diseases.
7. Population grows. Lower death rates and high birth rates.
8. Social and cultural fertility - influencing factors remain stable.
9. Introduction of new farming techniques or crop spread.
10. Guatemala, Vietnam, Philippine Islands.
11. Tractors, cotton gins, spinning jennies.