Question

examine the figure below and match each term with the letter to which it best corresponds.
not all choices will be used.

images of various primates with labels: lemurs, lorises, galagos; tarsiers; new world monkeys; old world monkeys; gibbons; orangutans; gorillas; chimpanzees, bonobos; humans
phylogenetic tree branches labeled a, b, c, d, e

dropdowns:

• dry - nosed
• hominoids
• hominins
• anthropoids

options for matching: 1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. d, 5. e

Explanation:

1. dry-nosed: Dry-nosed primates (haplorhines) include tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans, which split from wet-nosed strepsirrhines (lemurs, lorises) at point B.
2. hominoids: Hominoids are the group of apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimps, humans), which diverge from monkeys at point D.
3. hominins: Hominins are humans and their close extinct relatives, branching from chimpanzees/bonobos at point E.
4. anthropoids: Anthropoids include tarsiers, monkeys, and apes/humans, splitting from strepsirrhines at point B (wait correction: actually, anthropoids are tarsiers + simians, so the split from strepsirrhines is point A? No, correction: Strepsirrhines (A: lemurs, lorises) are the outgroup, so anthropoids (tarsiers, monkeys, apes) start at point B. Wait no, let's re-clarify:

• Point A: Strepsirrhines (wet-nosed, lemurs/lorises), so dry-nosed is the rest, starting at B.
• Point C: Simians (monkeys + apes), splitting from tarsiers.
• Point D: Hominoids (apes), splitting from old world monkeys.
• Point E: Hominins (humans), splitting from chimps/bonobos.

Correct matches:

• dry-nosed: B (all primates except strepsirrhines are dry-nosed haplorhines)
• hominoids: D (apes: gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimps, humans)
• hominins: E (humans, the branch after splitting from chimps)
• anthropoids: C (tarsiers + simians, the group including monkeys, apes, tarsiers, splitting from strepsirrhines)

Wait correction: Anthropoids are the group containing tarsiers, monkeys, and apes, which is the clade starting at point B? No, strepsirrhines (A) are the sister group to haplorhines (which includes tarsiers + anthropoids). Wait, actually, dry-nosed = haplorhines (tarsiers, monkeys, apes), so that's point B. Anthropoids are simians (monkeys + apes) plus tarsiers? No, some classifications place tarsiers in haplorhines separate from anthropoids. Let's use standard primate phylogeny:

1. dry-nosed (Haplorhini): corresponds to B, as this is the split from wet-nosed Strepsirrhini (A: lemurs, lorises)
2. hominoids (apes): corresponds to D, the split from Old World monkeys
3. hominins (human lineage): corresponds to E, split from chimpanzees/bonobos
4. anthropoids (monkeys + apes + tarsiers): corresponds to C, the group that splits from strepsirrhines and includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes

Answer:

1. dry-nosed: 2. B
2. hominoids: 4. D
3. hominins: 5. E
4. anthropoids: 3. C