Question

1. how are twin and adoption studies used in psychology? what do they tell us? 7. explain the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins? 8. how do heredity and environment work together? 9. diagram the breakdown of the nervous system, identifying the functions of each part. a. nervous system: b. central nervous system: c. peripheral nervous system: d. autonomic nervous system: e. somatic nervous system: f. sympathetic nervous system: g. parasympathetic nervous system: h. afferent neurons: i. efferent neurons: j. interneurons: k. reflexes:

Explanation:

1. Twin and adoption studies in psychology are used to disentangle the effects of heredity and environment on traits. Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes while dizygotic share about 50%. Adoption studies compare adopted - children to their biological and adoptive parents.
2. Monozygotic twins come from a single fertilized egg and are genetically identical. Dizygotic twins come from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm and are no more genetically similar than regular siblings.
3. Heredity provides the genetic blueprint, while the environment can influence how genes are expressed. Epigenetics studies these environmental - induced changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

9.
a. The nervous system coordinates all body activities.
b. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord and is the control center, processing and integrating information.
c. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body, transmitting sensory and motor information.
d. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.
e. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements.
f. The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic system and activates the "fight - or - flight" response.
g. The parasympathetic nervous system is also part of the autonomic system and promotes "rest - and - digest" functions.
h. Afferent neurons carry sensory information from the body to the CNS.
i. Efferent neurons carry motor commands from the CNS to the muscles and glands.
j. Interneurons are found in the CNS and process and integrate information between afferent and efferent neurons.
k. Reflexes are involuntary, rapid responses to stimuli that are processed in the spinal cord without conscious thought.

Answer:

1. Twin and adoption studies help determine the relative contributions of heredity and environment to psychological traits.
2. Monozygotic twins are genetically identical, dizygotic are not.
3. Heredity provides the genetic basis and environment influences gene expression.

9.
a. Coordinates body activities.
b. Control center, processes information.
c. Connects CNS to body, transmits info.
d. Regulates involuntary functions.
e. Controls voluntary muscle movements.
f. Activates "fight - or - flight".
g. Promotes "rest - and - digest".
h. Carry sensory info to CNS.
i. Carry motor commands from CNS.
j. Process and integrate info in CNS.
k. Involuntary, rapid responses to stimuli.