Question

learning study guide
you will want to have an understanding of the vocabulary we went over in class/on your notes
part i: classical conditioning.

1. explain the significance of ivan pavlovs study on classical conditioning with dogs. what did this teach us about learning?
2. match the c.c. phenomenon with the correct definition.

a. higher - order conditioning b. acquisition
c. discrimination d. generalization
initial stage of learning; response is first established and gradually strengthened
the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus
the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned
the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

1. define the following:

● unconditioned stimulus
● unconditioned response
● conditioned stimulus
● conditioned response

1. explain the significance of watsons \little albert\ experiment. what did he discover about classical conditioning and behaviorism?
2. explain the significance of john garcias taste aversion experiment. what did he discover about classical conditioning and taste aversion?
3. sample question:

a cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. after a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. the treatment is the
a. a primary reinforcer
b. a conditioned stimulus
c. a neutral stimulus
d. a conditioned stimulus
e. an unconditioned stimulus
make sure to know the significance of the major studies (pavlovs classical conditioning, watsons little albert, garcias taste aversion and banduras bobo dolls)

Explanation:

1. Pavlov's study: Demonstrated classical conditioning. Dogs learned to associate a neutral stimulus (bell) with food (unconditioned stimulus), showing that learning can occur through association. It laid the foundation for understanding how behaviors can be conditioned.
2. Matching:

• Initial stage of learning; response is first established and gradually strengthened - Acquisition (b).
• The conditioned stimulus in one - conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus - Higher - order conditioning (a).
• The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned - Generalization (d).
• The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus - Discrimination (c).

1. Definitions:

• Unconditioned Stimulus: A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning, like food causing salivation in dogs.
• Unconditioned Response: The natural, automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation in response to food.
• Conditioned Stimulus: A previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response, like a bell that starts to cause salivation after being paired with food.
• Conditioned Response: The learned response that occurs to a conditioned stimulus, such as salivation in response to the bell.

1. Watson's "Little Albert" experiment: Showed that emotional responses (fear) can be classically conditioned in humans. It contributed to behaviorism by demonstrating that complex emotions could be the result of simple conditioning processes.
2. Garcia's Taste Aversion experiment: Found that animals (and by extension humans) can develop aversions to tastes associated with nausea. It demonstrated that classical conditioning can occur even with a long delay between the conditioned stimulus (taste) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea), and that there are biological predispositions in classical conditioning.
3. Sample Question: The chemotherapy treatment is an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally causes nausea. The answer is e. An unconditioned stimulus.

Answer:

1. Pavlov's study demonstrated classical conditioning and how behaviors can be learned through association.

2.

• Initial stage of learning; response is first established and gradually strengthened - b. Acquisition
• The conditioned stimulus in one - conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus - a. Higher - order conditioning
• The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned - d. Generalization
• The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus - c. Discrimination

3.

• Unconditioned Stimulus: A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning.
• Unconditioned Response: The natural response to an unconditioned stimulus.
• Conditioned Stimulus: A previously neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
• Conditioned Response: The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

1. Watson's "Little Albert" experiment showed that emotional responses can be classically conditioned in humans, contributing to behaviorism.
2. Garcia's Taste Aversion experiment found that taste - nausea aversions can be conditioned with long delays and biological predispositions.
3. e. An unconditioned stimulus