Question

multiple choice question
by ______, researchers refine the problem under study, clarify possible techniques to be used in collecting data, and eliminate or reduce avoidable mistakes.
○ reviewing the literature
○ defining the problem
○ formulating the hypothesis
○ developing the conclusion
○ selecting the research design and then collecting and analyzing data
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Explanation:

Reviewing existing literature allows researchers to build on prior work, refine their research problem, identify established data collection methods, and avoid errors that others have made in similar studies. The other steps occur later in the research process: defining the problem is an initial step before refinement, formulating hypotheses comes after problem refinement, developing conclusions is the final step, and selecting research design/data collection is a mid-stage step after literature review.

Answer:

A. reviewing the literature