part iii: giuseppe garibaldi — action on the ground
11. describe giuseppe garibaldi as a historical figure. why is he often remembered as the
omantic hero\ of the risorgimento?
12. explain how garibaldi’s campaign in sicily and southern italy succeeded despite limited resources.
what role did popular support play?
13. why did garibaldi hand his conquered territories over to victor emmanuel ii instead of ruling them himself?
what does this decision reveal about garibaldi’s priorities?
part iv: completing unification, 1861–1870
14. describe the political situation in italy after 1861.
why was unification still incomplete?
15. why did italy struggle militarily after unification, particularly in 1866?
what does the lack of venetian support suggest about national unity?
16. explain why rome was not incorporated into italy until 1870.
how did the franco - prussian war change the situation?

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 11
# Brief Explanations:
Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian general and nationalist. He led military campaigns for Italian unification (Risorgimento). His romantic hero status comes from his daring, idealism, and selfless dedication to the national cause, like the Thousand expedition, inspiring nationalistic fervor.
# Answer:
Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian nationalist, military leader in the Risorgimento. He’s a “romantic hero” for his daring (e.g., Thousand expedition to Sicily), idealistic dedication to Italian unification, and selfless sacrifice (handing over conquered lands to advance national unity over personal power).

### Question 12
# Brief Explanations:
Garibaldi’s campaign succeeded via guerrilla tactics, charismatic leadership, and **popular support**: Sicilians/Italians joined his “Thousand” to fight Bourbon rule, providing manpower, local knowledge, and morale. Limited resources (small force) were offset by grassroots backing (volunteers, supplies, guerrilla collaboration).
# Answer:
Garibaldi succeeded by: 1) Guerrilla tactics (flexible, hit - and - run against Bourbon forces). 2) Charismatic leadership (inspired volunteers). 3) Popular support: Sicilians/Italians (peasants, nationalists) joined his “Thousand,” supplied manpower, local intel, and morale—offsetting limited resources (small initial force) with grassroots backing.

### Question 13
# Brief Explanations:
Garibaldi handed territories to Victor Emmanuel II to advance **national unification** (prioritizing a united Italy over personal rule). His priority was a centralized Italian state under the House of Savoy (legitimate, pan - Italian leadership) to end fragmentation, not personal power.
# Answer:
Garibaldi handed territories to Victor Emmanuel II to advance Italian unification (prioritizing a united Italy over personal rule). His priority was a centralized, legitimate Italian state (under Savoy) to end fragmentation, showing he valued national unity over personal power.

### Question 14
# Brief Explanations:
After 1861, Italy (Kingdom of Italy) had Victor Emmanuel II, but unification was incomplete: Rome (ruled by Pope/French troops) and Venice (Austrian - ruled) remained outside. Political situation: Constitutional monarchy, but regional divisions (North - South economic/cultural gaps) persisted. Unfinished due to foreign control (Austria in Venice, France/Pope in Rome) and internal regionalism.
# Answer:
Political situation (1861): Kingdom of Italy (constitutional monarchy, Victor Emmanuel II). Unification incomplete: Rome (Pope + French troops) and Venice (Austria) remained. Reasons: Foreign control (Austria in Venice, French - protected Papal States) and internal regional divisions (North - South economic/cultural rifts).

### Question 15
# Brief Explanations:
Italy struggled militarily (1866, Austro - Prussian War) due to: 1) Weak army (untrained, poor leadership, North - South divisions). 2) Venetian support for Austria (not Italy) showed **weak national unity**—Venetians saw Austria as a “lesser evil” or felt disconnected from the new Italian state (regional loyalty > national identity).
# Answer:
Military struggle (1866): 1) Weak army (untrained troops, poor leadership, North - South divisions). 2) Venetian support for Austria (over Italy) showed weak national unity: Venetians felt disconnected from the new Italian state (regional identity/loyalty > national identity), highlighting unaddressed regional divisions post - unification.

### Question 16
# Brief Explanations:
Rome was not incorporated until 1870 because the **Papal States** (Rome) were protected by France (Napoleon III’s troops). The Franco - Prussian War (1870) forced France to withdraw troops from Rome to fight Prussia. With French support gone, Italy annexed Rome (Pope’s temporal power ended).
# Answer:
Rome was not incorporated until 1870 because the Papal States (Rome) were protected by French troops (Napoleon III supported the Pope to maintain Catholic influence). The Franco - Prussian War (1870) changed this: France withdrew troops to fight Prussia, leaving Rome defenseless. Italy then annexed Rome (ending Papal temporal rule).

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Question 11

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