Question

video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsdxw63qak0
eukaryotic cells

• have a defined ____________ near the center
• genetic material is stored in the nucleus, surrounded by the ____________
• more ____________ and coordinated than prokaryotes
• examples: __________, ________, and __________
• evolved from prokaryotes about ____________ billion years ago

plant cell special features
three unique structures:

1. cell wall: made of __________ and __________ for structural support
2. central vacuole: stores __________ and __________ the plant needs
3. chloroplast: converts ____________ into energy the plant can use

cell membrane

• barrier made of biomolecules called ____________
• studded with ____________ that act like doors

cytoskeleton

• made of ____________ filaments
• acts like ____________ for transportation
• helps the cell maintain or change its ____________

nucleus (\city hall\)

• sends out genetic messages in the form of ____________
• controls the cell’s activities

ribosomes

• turn instructions from the nucleus into ____________
• found in the ____________

endoplasmic reticulum (er)

• rough er: dotted with __________, makes __________
• smooth er: makes __________ and __________ (hormones)

golgi apparatus

• part __________ plant, part __________ sorting facility
• packages proteins into ____________

mitochondria

• the cell’s \__________ __________\
• produces ____________ for cellular processes

Explanation:

This worksheet is about eukaryotic cells and their structures, which falls under the subfield of Biology (Natural Science). To fill in the blanks, we use knowledge of cell biology:

Eukaryotic Cells

• HAVE a defined nucleus near the center (eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus).
• Genetic material is stored in the nucleus, surrounded by the nuclear envelope (a double - membrane structure around the nucleus).
• More complex and coordinated than prokaryotes (eukaryotic cells have more organelles and a more complex organization).
• Examples: Animals, Plants, and Fungi (these are common groups of eukaryotic organisms).
• Evolved from prokaryotes about 1.5 billion years ago (approximate time of eukaryotic evolution from prokaryotic ancestors).

Plant Cell Special Features - Three Unique Structures:

1. Cell Wall: Made of cellulose and lignin for structural support (cellulose is the main component, lignin adds rigidity in some cells).
2. Central Vacuole: Stores water and nutrients the plant needs (vacuoles store various substances for the plant's use).
3. Chloroplast: Converts sunlight into energy the plant can use (chloroplasts perform photosynthesis, using light energy).

Cell Membrane

• Barrier made of biomolecules called phospholipids (cell membranes are mainly composed of phospholipid bilayers).
• Studded with proteins that act like doors (membrane proteins facilitate transport across the membrane).

Cytoskeleton

• Made of protein filaments (cytoskeleton is composed of different types of protein - based filaments like actin and microtubules).
• Acts like tracks for transportation (cytoskeleton filaments provide a pathway for organelle movement).
• Helps the cell maintain or change its shape (cytoskeleton is involved in cell shape maintenance and change during processes like cell division or movement).

Nucleus ("City Hall")

• Sends out genetic messages in the form of RNA (nucleus transcribes DNA into RNA to send out genetic instructions).
• Controls the cell’s activities (nucleus is the control center of the cell).

Ribosomes

• Turn instructions from the nucleus into proteins (ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into proteins).
• Found in the cytoplasm (free ribosomes) and on the rough ER (bound ribosomes, but also present in the cytoplasm).

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Rough ER: Dotted with ribosomes, makes proteins (ribosomes on rough ER synthesize proteins).
• Smooth ER: Makes lipids and steroids (hormones) (smooth ER is involved in lipid and steroid hormone synthesis).

Golgi Apparatus

• Part post - office plant, part sorting facility (analogy: Golgi modifies, sorts, and packages molecules like a post - office).
• Packages proteins into vesicles (Golgi packages proteins into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell or for secretion).

Mitochondria

• The cell’s "powerhouse" (mitochondria produce energy, so they are called the powerhouses of the cell).
• Produces ATP for cellular processes (mitochondria generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell, through cellular respiration).

Answer:

Eukaryotic Cells

• HAVE a defined \(\boldsymbol{\text{nucleus}}\) near the center
• Genetic material is stored in the nucleus, surrounded by the \(\boldsymbol{\text{nuclear envelope}}\)
• More \(\boldsymbol{\text{complex}}\) and coordinated than prokaryotes
• Examples: \(\boldsymbol{\text{Animals}}\), \(\boldsymbol{\text{Plants}}\), and \(\boldsymbol{\text{Fungi}}\)
• Evolved from prokaryotes about \(\boldsymbol{1.5}\) billion years ago

Plant Cell Special Features - Three Unique Structures:

1. Cell Wall: Made of \(\boldsymbol{\text{cellulose}}\) and \(\boldsymbol{\text{lignin}}\) for structural support
2. Central Vacuole: Stores \(\boldsymbol{\text{water}}\) and \(\boldsymbol{\text{nutrients}}\) the plant needs
3. Chloroplast: Converts \(\boldsymbol{\text{sunlight}}\) into energy the plant can use

Cell Membrane

• Barrier made of biomolecules called \(\boldsymbol{\text{phospholipids}}\)
• Studded with \(\boldsymbol{\text{proteins}}\) that act like doors

Cytoskeleton

• Made of \(\boldsymbol{\text{protein}}\) filaments
• Acts like \(\boldsymbol{\text{tracks}}\) for transportation
• Helps the cell maintain or change its \(\boldsymbol{\text{shape}}\)

Nucleus ("City Hall")

• Sends out genetic messages in the form of \(\boldsymbol{\text{RNA}}\)
• Controls the cell’s activities

Ribosomes

• Turn instructions from the nucleus into \(\boldsymbol{\text{proteins}}\)
• Found in the \(\boldsymbol{\text{cytoplasm}}\)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Rough ER: Dotted with \(\boldsymbol{\text{ribosomes}}\), makes \(\boldsymbol{\text{proteins}}\)
• Smooth ER: Makes \(\boldsymbol{\text{lipids}}\) and \(\boldsymbol{\text{steroids}}\) (hormones)

Golgi Apparatus

• Part \(\boldsymbol{\text{post - office}}\) plant, part \(\boldsymbol{\text{sorting}}\) facility
• Packages proteins into \(\boldsymbol{\text{vesicles}}\)

Mitochondria

• The cell’s "\(\boldsymbol{\text{powerhouse}}\)"
• Produces \(\boldsymbol{\text{ATP}}\) for cellular processes