Question

what fundamental shift did robert paine and james estes contribute to in ecology?

• emphasis on top - down forcing
• discovery of new species
• focus on bottom - up effects
• exploration of aquatic habitats

question 10
1 pts
how did robert paine describe the view that ignores top - down effects from apex predators?

• beneficial
• inconsequential
• risky
• scientifically sound

Explanation:

For the first question: Robert Paine's work with starfish (defining keystone species) and James Estes' work with sea otters, sea urchins, and kelp forests demonstrated that apex predators (top trophic level) control lower trophic levels, shifting ecology's focus to top-down forcing.
For the second question: Robert Paine argued that ignoring top-down effects from apex predators overlooks critical regulatory roles in ecosystems, which he considered a risky approach as it leads to incomplete ecological understanding and mismanagement.

Answer:

1. Emphasis on top-down forcing
2. Risky