Question

1. the invention of agriculture created food surpluses, which allowed for which of the following?

a. the movement of people to new environments such as deserts and mountainous regions.
b. the development of complex business organizations such as corporations.
c. the development of more specialized jobs such as artisans and government officials.
d. the development of more complex tools and hunting techniques.

1. how did governments change with the rise of the first civilizations?

a. rule by a single king was replaced with rule by consensus.
b. rule by elders was replaced by democracy.
c. rule by elders was replaced by a central authority.
d. absolute monarchy was replaced by constitutional monarchy.
use the following excerpt to answer question 12
“a separate consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food surpluses, since storage would be pointless if one didnt remain nearby to guard the stored food. but stored food is essential for feeding non - food - producing specialists, and certainly for supporting whole towns of them. hence nomadic hunter - gatherer societies have few or no such full - time specialists, who instead first appear in sedentary societies.” jared diamond guns, germs and steel: the fates of human societies

1. which of the following conclusions is best supported by the above excerpt?

a. without the free time afforded to many people due to food storage, intellectual developments such as writing systems may have never developed.
b. the development of settled agricultural towns created more equitable political systems in early societies.
c. settled agricultural villages facilitated egalitarian social - structures in early human societies.
d. the number of full - time specialists decreased with the advent of sedentary agriculture
lt 4. i can analyze the earliest civilizations.

1. mesopotamia means

a. land before time
b. land between the rivers
c. land in the desert
d. land of opportunity

Explanation:

1. The invention of agriculture led to food surpluses which in turn allowed for the development of more specialized jobs as people could focus on non - food - producing tasks. Artisans and government officials are examples of such specialized jobs.
2. With the rise of first civilizations, rule by elders was often replaced by a central authority to manage the more complex societies.
3. The excerpt emphasizes that settled existence and food storage are necessary for the support of non - food - producing specialists, so without the free time from food storage, intellectual developments like writing systems may not have occurred.
4. Mesopotamia is Greek for "land between the rivers", referring to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

Answer:

1. b. The development of more specialized jobs such as artisans and government officials.
2. c. Rule by elders was replaced by a central authority
3. a. Without the free time afforded to many people due to food storage, intellectual developments such as writing systems may have never developed.
4. b. Land between the rivers