Question

1. which of the following shows a causal relationship?
2. an individual who works in construction and their diagnosis of skin cancer.
3. a decrease in temperature and increase in attendance at an ice skating rink.
4. as a child’s weight increases, so does their vocabulary.
5. the number of minutes spent exercising and the amount of calories burned.

Explanation:

1. For option 1: Working in construction doesn't directly cause skin cancer (other factors like sun exposure duration, protection, etc. matter; it's a correlation at best).
2. For option 2: A decrease in temperature doesn't cause more people to go to an ice - skating rink. In fact, colder temperatures might make people less likely to go out, and ice - skating rink attendance is more likely related to factors like interest in skating, availability of time, etc. This is a spurious relationship.
3. For option 3: A child's weight increase and vocabulary increase are both related to growth and development over time, but one doesn't cause the other. They are correlated due to the overall development process.
4. For option 4: When you spend more minutes exercising, your body burns more calories because exercise increases energy expenditure. There is a direct causal link as the act of exercising (increasing the time spent) leads to more calories being burned.

Answer:

1. The number of minutes spent exercising and the amount of calories burned.