Question

1. many students have difficulty understanding how giving up an electron to another atom fills the valence of the atom that gave up the electron. it seems counterintuitive to them that losing an electron actually fills their valence. imagine you are a teacher trying to explain this particular concept to a student. briefly describe what you would say.
2. match the following terms with their definitions: ionic bond, covalent bond, polar covalent bond, nonpolar covalent bond, and hydrogen bond.

a. a weak electrical attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative atom:
b. two atoms sharing electrons:
c. atoms sharing electrons equally:
d. a bond that forms between oppositely charged atoms:
e. a bond based on the unequal sharing of electrons:

Explanation:

1. Atoms aim to have a full - valence shell for stability. Some atoms have outer shells that are almost empty. For example, sodium has 1 electron in its outer shell. By giving up this electron, it loses that outer shell and the shell below becomes the new outer shell, which is full. This is how losing an electron can fill the valence shell for certain atoms.

19.
a. A weak electrical attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative atom is a hydrogen bond.
b. Two atoms sharing electrons form a covalent bond.
c. Atoms sharing electrons equally have a nonpolar covalent bond.
d. A bond that forms between oppositely - charged atoms is an ionic bond.
e. A bond based on the unequal sharing of electrons is a polar covalent bond.

Answer:

1. Atoms with nearly - empty outer shells become stable by losing electrons to achieve a full inner - shell configuration.

19.
a. Hydrogen bond
b. Covalent bond
c. Nonpolar covalent bond
d. Ionic bond
e. Polar covalent bond