Question

18 whether machines could actually think, turing believed, was a question \too meaningless to deserve discussion.\ nonetheless, the \turing test\ became a benchmark for machine intelligence. over the decades, various computer programs vied to pass it using cheap conversational tricks, with some success. 19 in recent years, wealthy tech firms including google, facebook and openai have developed a new class of computer programs known as \large language models,\ with conversational capabilities far beyond the rudimentary chatbots of yore. one of those models—google’s lamda—has convinced google engineer blake lemoine that it is not only intelligent but conscious and sentient. 20 if lemoline was taken in by lamda’s lifelike responses, it seems plausible that many other people with far less understanding of artificial
how does passage 2 develop its argument differently from passage 1?
a only passage 2 states that the turing test is currently receiving valid criticism from experts.
b only passage 2 discusses the ethical concerns about the incentives created by the turing test.
c only passage 2 acknowledges that the turing test was a useful thought experiment at the time.
d only passage 2 recognizes that computers can fail the turing test often while still technically passing.

Explanation:

To solve this, we analyze each option:

• Option A: The given passage (Passage 1, from the left) doesn't mention expert criticism of the Turing test, but we need to check Passage 2 (not fully shown, but from the options, this is about Passage 2's unique argument. However, let's check others.
• Option B: The left passage doesn't discuss ethical concerns of Turing test incentives. But we need to see if Passage 2 does, but let's check other options.
• Option C: The left passage (Passage 1) has Turing saying the question of machines thinking is meaningless, but doesn't acknowledge the Turing test as a useful thought experiment. If Passage 2 does, but let's check D.
• Option D: The left passage talks about programs passing with tricks, but not about failing while technically passing.

Wait, actually, let's re - evaluate. The key is to find what Passage 2 does differently. Let's assume from the options, the correct one is A? No, wait, maybe the correct answer is A? Wait, no, let's think again. The left passage (Passage 1) says Turing thought the question was meaningless, but the Turing test became a benchmark. Then recent tech firms made large language models. Now, the question is how Passage 2's argument is different.

Looking at option A: "Only Passage 2 states that the Turing test is currently receiving valid criticism from experts." If Passage 1 doesn't mention expert criticism, and Passage 2 does, this could be correct. But maybe the correct answer is A? Wait, no, maybe the correct answer is A. Wait, but let's check the options again.

Wait, maybe the correct answer is A. But I think I made a mistake. Wait, the correct answer is A? No, let's see. The left passage (Passage 1) has no mention of expert criticism. So if Passage 2 states that the Turing test is currently receiving valid criticism from experts, then A is correct.

Answer:

A. Only Passage 2 states that the Turing test is currently receiving valid criticism from experts.