Question

1. 1954 court case that ended the university of texas’ policy of segregating medical school. 9. describe this case. 10. court case that mandates an arresting officer read you your rights. 11. court case which affirmed fair trials for minorities by affording them more diverse jury members. 12. gerrymandering, poll taxes, and literacy tests were all ways jim crow laws took away african americans’ ability to civically participate - what right was specifically denied? what law eliminated ____ in public spaces? 14. this law outlawed literacy tests enabling more people to participate in voting. 5. this amendment ended poll taxes. 6. title ____ was aimed at making school sponsored activities more inclusive for girls and women.

Explanation:

1. This case challenged racial segregation in a professional school, ruling that the "separate but equal" standard was not met for the University of Texas' medical school.
2. This 1954 landmark case overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision, ruling that racial segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment, declaring "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."
3. This 1966 case established that law enforcement must inform suspects of their constitutional rights (right to remain silent, right to an attorney) upon arrest.
4. This 1986 case held that excluding Black jurors from a trial solely based on race violates the Equal Protection Clause, requiring diverse juries for fair minority trials.
5. These Jim Crow-era barriers denied African Americans their 15th Amendment right to vote, which guarantees the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous servitude.
6. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 eliminated racial segregation and discrimination in public spaces like restaurants, hotels, and public transit.
7. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed discriminatory voting practices like literacy tests, which were used to disenfranchise Black voters.
8. The 24th Amendment, ratified in 1964, prohibited poll taxes in federal elections, removing a barrier to voting for low-income people, disproportionately affecting Black Americans.
9. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs, opening more school activities to girls and women.

Answer:

1. Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
2. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka; It ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine from Plessy v. Ferguson.
3. Miranda v. Arizona
4. Batson v. Kentucky
5. The right to vote (15th Amendment right)
6. Racial segregation and discrimination
7. The Voting Rights Act of 1965
8. 24th Amendment
9. IX