Question

1. cognitive processes are: a) unimportant in classical and operant conditioning. b) important in both classical and operant conditioning. c) more important in classical than in operant conditioning. d) more important in operant than in classical conditioning. 22. last evening may - ling ate her first cheeseburger and french fries at an american fast - food restaurant. a few hours later she became ill. it can be expected that: a) may - ling will develop an aversion to the sight of a cheeseburger and french fries. b) may - ling will develop an aversion to the taste of a cheeseburger and french fries. c) may - ling will not associate her illness with the food she ate. d) may - ling will associate her sickness with something she experienced immediately before she became ill. 23. in which of the following may classical conditioning play a role? a) emotional problems b) the bodys immune response c) helping drug addicts d) all of the above 24. in watson and rayners experiment, the loud noise was the ______ and the white rat was the ______. a) cs; cr b) us; cs c) cs; us d) us; cr 25. one difference between classical and operant conditioning is that: a) in classical conditioning the responses operate on the environment to produce reinforcing or punishing stimuli. b) in operant conditioning the responses are triggered by preceding stimuli. c) in classical conditioning the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli. d) in operant conditioning the responses are reflexive.

Explanation:

• For question 21, cognitive processes are important in both classical and operant conditioning as organisms learn to anticipate events and understand the consequences of actions.
• For question 22, taste - aversion learning often occurs when a person eats something and then gets sick, leading to an aversion to the taste of that food.
• For question 23, classical conditioning can play a role in emotional problems (e.g., phobias), the body's immune response (conditioned immune responses), and helping drug addicts (conditioned responses to drug - related cues).
• For question 24, in Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicited a fear response, and the white rat was the conditioned stimulus (CS) that was paired with the US to eventually elicit a fear response.
• For question 25, in classical conditioning, responses are automatically triggered by stimuli, while in operant conditioning, responses operate on the environment to produce consequences.

Answer:

1. B. important in both classical and operant conditioning.
2. B. May - ling will develop an aversion to the taste of a cheeseburger and french fries.
3. D. all of the above
4. B. US; CS
5. C. in classical conditioning the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli.