Question

complete the following statements:

1. the last two pairs of ribs that have no cartilaginous attachments to the sternum are sometimes called ______ ribs.
2. there are ______ pairs of true ribs.
3. costal cartilages are composed of ______ tissue.
4. the manubrium articulates with the ______ on its superior border.
5. list three general functions of the thoracic cage.

part d assessments
identify the bones and features indicated in the radiograph of the neck in figure 15.7.

terms:
atlas
axis
body
intervertebral disc
spinous process
transverse process

figure 15.7 identify the bones and features indicated in this radiograph of the neck (lateral view), using the terms provided.

Explanation:

1. The last two pairs of ribs without cartilaginous attachments to the sternum are called floating ribs as they have no anterior attachment to the sternum or costal cartilage of another rib.
2. There are 7 pairs of true ribs which directly attach to the sternum by costal cartilages.
3. Costal cartilages are made of hyaline tissue which is a type of connective - tissue that provides flexibility and support.
4. The manubrium articulates with the clavicles on its superior border.
5. The three general functions of the thoracic cage are protection of vital organs (heart and lungs), support for the upper body, and assistance in respiration.

For the radiograph:

1. Spinous process is correctly labeled as it is the posterior - most projection of a vertebra.
2. Transverse process is a lateral projection of the vertebra.
3. Atlas (C1) is the first cervical vertebra that articulates with the occipital bone.
4. Axis (C2) has a prominent dens that articulates with the atlas.
5. Intervertebral disc is the fibrocartilaginous structure between adjacent vertebrae.
6. Body refers to the main, weight - bearing part of a vertebra.

Answer:

1. floating
2. 7
3. hyaline
4. clavicles
5. Protection of vital organs, support for the upper body, assistance in respiration

For radiograph:

1. Spinous process
2. Transverse process
3. Atlas
4. Axis
5. Intervertebral disc
6. Body