Question

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explain how each of the following observations is consistent with conservation of energy.
conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed. it can only be transformed from one form into another.
(a) an apple gains kinetic energy as it falls from a tree.
total energy, which is conserved, is the sum of , kinetic, and thermal energies. on the tree, an apple possesses some gravitational energy. as an apple falls, that energy is converted into energy of motion.
(b) when that apple hits the ground, it loses its kinetic energy.
when an apple hits the ground, the impact transfers energy to molecules in the earth and in the apple. as a result, there is a slight in temperature; the energy of the apple has been converted into energy.
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Explanation:

Part (a)

Step1: Identify energy types in total energy

Total energy (conserved) is the sum of potential, kinetic, and thermal energies. So first blank: potential.

Step2: Energy on the tree

On the tree, apple has gravitational potential energy (due to height). Second blank: potential.

Step3: Energy conversion during fall

As apple falls, gravitational potential energy converts to kinetic (motion) energy. Third blank: potential; Fourth blank: kinetic.

Part (b)

Step1: Temperature change on impact

When apple hits ground, impact transfers energy to molecules, causing a slight increase in temperature. First blank: increase.

Step2: Energy before impact

Before impact, apple has kinetic energy. Second blank: kinetic.

Step3: Energy after conversion

Kinetic energy converts to thermal (heat) energy (due to temperature rise). Third blank: thermal.

Answer:

(a) First blank: potential; Second blank: potential; Third blank: potential; Fourth blank: kinetic
(b) First blank: increase; Second blank: kinetic; Third blank: thermal