Question

describing a transformation
which best describes the transformation from the
graph of ( f(x) = x^2 ) to the graph of
( f(x) = (x - 3)^2 - 1 )?
( circ ) left 3 units, down 1 unit
( circ ) left 3 units, up 1 unit
( circ ) right 3 units, down 1 unit
( circ ) right 3 units, up 1 unit

Explanation:

Step1: Recall horizontal shift rule

For $f(x-h)$, shift $f(x)$ right $h$ units. Here $h=3$, so shift $x^2$ right 3 units.

Step2: Recall vertical shift rule

For $f(x)-k$, shift $f(x)$ down $k$ units. Here $k=1$, so shift down 1 unit.

Answer:

right 3 units, down 1 unit