Question

1. draw an energy level diagram, as shown in question 5, for each ion.

(a) potassium ion, k⁺
(b) chloride ion, cl⁻
(c) beryllium ion, be²⁺

1. what two major families of elements does the bold “staircase” line in your periodic table separate?
2. list at least three ways in which an alkali metal is different from a halogen.

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Explanation:

For Question 7:

The bold "staircase" line on the periodic table runs between groups 13 and 14, separating elements with metallic properties from those with nonmetallic properties. The two major families it divides are metals (to the left of the line) and nonmetals (to the right of the line; metalloids lie along the line).

For Question 8:

1. Valence electrons: Alkali metals have 1 valence electron, halogens have 7.
2. Ion charge: Alkali metals form +1 cations, halogens form -1 anions.
3. Physical state: Alkali metals are soft solids at room temp; halogens are diatomic (gases/liquids/solids, mostly non-solid).

Answer:

1. Metals and nonmetals

8.

1. Alkali metals have 1 valence electron; halogens have 7.
2. Alkali metals form +1 ions; halogens form -1 ions.
3. Alkali metals are soft solids; halogens are mostly gases/liquids.