earths history quiz review p. 232-279
name __________________ period ____
1. what states \in layers of undisturbed rock, the oldest layer is at the bottom and the youngest is at the top\?

use the following diagram to answer questions 2-6.

2. what is a? how did it get there?
3. what is b? how did it get there?
4. what is c? how did it get there?
5. what is d? what most likely occurred there?
6. number the layers in order from oldest to youngest.
7. what four things are used to find clues about earths past, for example climate and environmental changes?

Question

earths history quiz review p. 232-279
name __________________ period ____
1. what states \in layers of undisturbed rock, the oldest layer is at the bottom and the youngest is at the top\?

use the following diagram to answer questions 2-6.

2. what is a? how did it get there?
3. what is b? how did it get there?
4. what is c? how did it get there?
5. what is d? what most likely occurred there?
6. number the layers in order from oldest to youngest.
7. what four things are used to find clues about earths past, for example climate and environmental changes?

Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
The principle that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest is at the bottom and the youngest at the top is the Law of Superposition.
# Answer:
Law of Superposition

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
Looking at the legend, A is the igneous rock with the diagonal pattern, which represents extrusive igneous rock (formed from lava that erupted onto the surface and cooled).
# Answer:
A is extrusive igneous rock. It formed when magma erupted onto the Earth's surface (lava) and then cooled and solidified.

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
B is a fracture (fault) in the rock layers. Faults form due to tectonic forces (like stress and pressure) that cause the rock to break and move.
# Answer:
B is a fault. It formed when tectonic forces (stress) caused the rock layers to break and move relative to each other.

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
C is the igneous rock with the solid gray pattern, representing intrusive igneous rock. It formed when magma intruded into existing rock layers and cooled slowly underground.
# Answer:
C is intrusive igneous rock. It formed when magma intruded into the surrounding rock layers and cooled slowly beneath the Earth's surface.

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
D is a contact zone (or a bedding plane) between rock layers. Most likely, there was erosion or a period of non - deposition before the overlying layer (A) was formed, or it could be a zone of contact metamorphism if heat from A affected the underlying rock.
# Answer:
D is likely a contact zone (or bedding plane). Most likely, there was either erosion (removal of rock) or a period of no deposition, or contact metamorphism occurred due to the heat from the overlying igneous rock (A).

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
Using the Law of Superposition and the principles of igneous intrusion/extrusion: The bottommost sedimentary layer is the oldest. Then, the layer above it (before the intrusion) is next. Then the intrusive igneous rock (C) is younger than the layers it intrudes. Then the fault (B) affects the layers, and then the extrusive igneous rock (A) is younger than the layers below it. And the top sedimentary layer is the youngest. If we number the layers from bottom (oldest) to top (youngest) as Layer 1 (bottom sedimentary), Layer 2 (sedimentary above Layer 1), Layer 3 (intrusive igneous C), Layer 4 (extrusive igneous A), Layer 5 (top sedimentary). But based on the diagram's boxes, assuming the bottom box is Layer 1 (oldest), then the next up is Layer 2, then the layer with the intrusion (but the intrusion is C), then the layer with A, then the top layer. So the order from oldest to youngest: Let's say the bottom - most sedimentary layer (first box from bottom) is 1, then the next sedimentary layer (second box from bottom) is 2, then the layer with the intrusive igneous (C) is related, but maybe the correct numbering is (from bottom to top, oldest to youngest): 4 (bottom sedimentary), 3 (sedimentary above 4), 2 (the layer with the intrusive igneous? No, better to think: The layers without igneous are sedimentary, with the bottom one oldest. Then the intrusive (C) is younger than the sedimentary layers it cuts. The fault (B) is younger than the layers it cuts. The extrusive (A) is younger than the layers below. So numbering: Let the bottom sedimentary layer be 1 (oldest), the next sedimentary layer (above 1) be 2, then the intrusive igneous (C) is 3? No, intrusive is younger than 1 and 2. Then the fault (B) is younger than 1,2,3. Then the extrusive (A) is younger than B and the layers below. Then the top sedimentary layer is 4? Wait, maybe the correct order is (from oldest to youngest): The bottom - most sedimentary layer (first box at the bottom) is 1, then the next sedimentary layer (second box from bottom) is 2, then the layer with the intrusive igneous (but the intrusive is C, which is in the middle) – maybe the correct numbering is 4 (bottom), 3, 2, 1 (top)? No, that's youngest at bottom. Wait, no, Law of Superposition: oldest at bottom. So if we have layers: bottom (Layer 1: oldest), then Layer 2 (above 1), Layer 3 (above 2), Layer 4 (above 3: youngest). But with igneous: intrusive (C) is younger than Layer 1,2,3 (if it intrudes them). Extrusive (A) is younger than Layer 3 and the layers below. So maybe the numbering (from oldest to youngest) is: Let's assume the boxes from bottom to top are Box 4 (bottom, oldest sedimentary), Box 3 (sedimentary above 4), Box 2 (the layer with the intrusive igneous? No, intrusive is C, which is in a box. Wait, the diagram has four boxes on the left (vertical). Let's say the bottom box (Box 1) is the oldest sedimentary layer. Then Box 2 (above Box 1) is next. Then Box 3 (with the intrusive igneous C) – but C is intrusive, so it's younger than Box 1 and 2. Then Box 4 (above C) – but there's A (extrusive) and a sedimentary layer. Wait, maybe the correct numbering is: 4 (bottom sedimentary), 3 (sedimentary above 4), 2 (the layer with the fault? No, fault is B). This is getting confusing. Alternatively, using the principle: the oldest layer is the bottom - most sedimentary layer, then the one above it, then the layer that the intrusive igneous (C) cuts through (so older than C), then C, then the fault (B) (younger than the layers it cuts), then the extrusive igneous (A) (younger than B and the layers below), then the top sedimentary layer (youngest). So numbering from oldest to youngest: 1 (bottom sedimentary), 2 (sedimentary above 1), 3 (the layer before C, but C is intrusive, so 1 < 2 < C's intrusion age < B's age < A's age < top sedimentary. So if we number the layers (from bottom to top) as 4 (oldest), 3, 2, 1 (youngest) – no, that's wrong. Wait, maybe the answer is: The order from oldest to youngest is the bottom - most layer (1), then the next layer up (2), then the layer with the intrusive igneous (but intrusive is younger than 1 and 2), then the fault (younger than 1,2,3), then the extrusive igneous (younger than fault and 1,2,3), then the top layer (youngest). So if we have four layers (the sedimentary ones) and two igneous, the numbering (oldest to youngest) would be: Let's say the bottom sedimentary is 4, then 3, then 2, then 1 (top sedimentary), with C (intrusive) younger than 4,3,2 and A (extrusive) younger than 4,3,2, C, and B (fault) younger than 4,3,2. This is a bit unclear without more diagram details, but the general principle is oldest at bottom, intrusive younger than the layers it cuts, extrusive younger than the layers below. So a possible numbering: From bottom (oldest) to top (youngest): 4, 3, 2, 1 (with 4 being the bottom sedimentary, 3 the next sedimentary, 2 the layer with the intrusive, 1 the top sedimentary, and A is younger than 1? No, A is a layer. Maybe the correct numbering is 1 (bottom), 2, 3, 4 (top), with the intrusive (C) being younger than 1,2, and the extrusive (A) younger than 3,4? No, I think the intended answer is using the Law of Superposition, so the bottom layer is oldest, then each layer above is younger, and the igneous intrusion (C) is younger than the layers it intrudes, and the extrusive (A) is younger than the layers below it. So if we number the layers (from bottom to top) as 1 (oldest), 2, 3, 4 (youngest), with C intruding 1 and 2, and A above 3. So the order from oldest to youngest: 1, 2, C, 3, A, 4? No, this is getting too convoluted. The key is that the bottommost sedimentary layer is oldest, then the one above, then the intrusive, then the fault, then the extrusive, then the top sedimentary. So numbering: Let's assume the four vertical boxes from bottom to top are Layer 4 (oldest), Layer 3, Layer 2, Layer 1 (youngest), and A is above Layer 1. But maybe the answer is: The layers in order from oldest to youngest are (from bottom to top) the bottom sedimentary layer, the next sedimentary layer, the layer with the intrusive igneous (C), the layer with the fault (B), the extrusive igneous (A), and the top sedimentary layer. So if we number them 4, 3, 2, 1 (with 4 being bottom, oldest), 3 next, 2 with C, 1 with A and top sedimentary.
# Answer:
Assuming the bottom - most layer is 1 (oldest) and moving up to the top (youngest), the order is: The bottom sedimentary layer (1), the sedimentary layer above it (2), the layer with the intrusive igneous rock (C) (3), the layer with the fault (B) (4), the extrusive igneous rock (A) (5), and the top sedimentary layer (6). But a more simplified answer based on typical problems: The order from oldest to youngest is the bottom - most sedimentary layer, then the next sedimentary layer, then the intrusive igneous rock (C), then the fault (B), then the extrusive igneous rock (A), then the top sedimentary layer. If we number the layers (from bottom to top) as 4, 3, 2, 1 (oldest to youngest), with 4 being the bottom, 3 above 4, 2 with C, 1 with A and top.

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
Four things used to find clues about Earth's past (climate and environmental changes) are fossils (show past organisms and environments), rock layers (stratigraphy, showing sequence of events), ice cores (trapping atmospheric gases and particles), and tree rings (showing climate and growth conditions over time).
# Answer:
Four things are fossils, rock layers (stratigraphy), ice cores, and tree rings (other possible answers: sedimentary structures, pollen in sediments, etc.).

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