Question

1. fall of the ottoman empire
2. by the 1800s and early 1900s, ________ increased, causing groups like greeks and arabs to seek independence.

Explanation:

During the 1800s and early 1900s, rising nationalist sentiment among ethnic groups within the Ottoman Empire fueled demands for self-rule. Groups like Greeks and Arabs pushed for independence as they sought to establish their own nation-states based on shared cultural, linguistic, and historical identities.

Answer:

nationalism (or nationalist sentiment)