Question

1. fall of the ottoman empire
2. by the 1800s and early 1900s, nationalism increased, causing groups like greeks and arabs to seek independence.
3. the empire collapsed after losing territory and being defeated in

Explanation:

1. For question 8: In the 1800s-early 1900s, rising nationalist sentiment among subject groups of the Ottoman Empire drove demands for self-rule, matching the context of Greeks and Arabs seeking independence.
2. For question 9: The Ottoman Empire aligned with the Central Powers in World War I, and their defeat in this conflict, combined with prior territorial losses, led to the empire's formal collapse.

Answer:

1. nationalism
2. World War I