guided reading 6.4 part 1
organic chemistry (pages 166-171)
1. what atom forms the \skeletal\ backbone of most of the molecules found in living organisms?
2. molecules are classified as being either organic or inorganic. how can you tell the difference between them?
3. write a definition for:
monomer -
polymer -
dehydration synthesis -
hydrolysis -
carbohydrates (page 168)
4. what is a carbohydrate?
5. what is a monosaccharide and give an example?
6. what is the primary function of a carbohydrate?
7. what is the general formula for a carbohydrate?
8. name three things that a cell can use sugars such as glucose for.
(1)
(2)
(3)
9. what is a polysaccharide?
lipids (page 169)
10. what is a lipid?
11. what is a lipid composed of?
12. what is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?
13. other than energy storage what are two other functions on lipids?
(1)

Question

guided reading 6.4 part 1
organic chemistry (pages 166-171)
1. what atom forms the \skeletal\ backbone of most of the molecules found in living organisms?
2. molecules are classified as being either organic or inorganic. how can you tell the difference between them?
3. write a definition for:
monomer -
polymer -
dehydration synthesis -
hydrolysis -
carbohydrates (page 168)
4. what is a carbohydrate?
5. what is a monosaccharide and give an example?
6. what is the primary function of a carbohydrate?
7. what is the general formula for a carbohydrate?
8. name three things that a cell can use sugars such as glucose for.
   (1)
   (2)
   (3)
9. what is a polysaccharide?
lipids (page 169)
10. what is a lipid?
11. what is a lipid composed of?
12. what is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?
13. other than energy storage what are two other functions on lipids?
    (1)

Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Answer:
Carbon
# Brief Explanations:
In organic chemistry, carbon atoms form the skeletal backbone of most biological molecules (like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) due to its ability to form four covalent bonds, allowing complex chain/ring structures.

### Question 2
# Answer:
Organic molecules contain carbon - hydrogen (C - H) bonds (and are carbon - based, often associated with living things), while inorganic molecules generally lack C - H bonds (e.g., minerals, water, salts).
# Brief Explanations:
The key distinction is the presence of carbon - hydrogen bonding in organic compounds (along with carbon, often in complex structures), whereas inorganic compounds have simpler structures and lack this specific bond pattern.

### Question 3
#### Monomer
# Answer:
A monomer is a small, repeating molecular unit that serves as the building block for polymers (e.g., glucose is a monomer of starch).
# Brief Explanations:
Monomers are the "subunits" that link together (via reactions like dehydration synthesis) to form larger polymer molecules.

#### Polymer
# Answer:
A polymer is a large molecule made up of many (hundreds to thousands) repeating monomer units bonded together (e.g., starch is a polymer of glucose).
# Brief Explanations:
Polymers result from the polymerization of monomers, where multiple monomer units are joined, often through dehydration synthesis.

#### Dehydration Synthesis
# Answer:
Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction where two molecules (usually monomers) are joined together, and a water molecule ($\ce{H_2O}$) is removed (lost) in the process (e.g., forming a peptide bond between amino acids or a glycosidic bond between sugars).
# Brief Explanations:
In this reaction, a hydroxyl group ($-\ce{OH}$) from one molecule and a hydrogen ($-\ce{H}$) from another are removed to form water, while the two molecules bond, building polymers.

#### Hydrolysis
# Answer:
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction where a polymer (or a large molecule) is broken down into smaller units (monomers) by the addition of a water molecule ($\ce{H_2O}$), which splits into $-\ce{OH}$ and $-\ce{H}$ to attach to the broken - apart segments (e.g., breaking down starch into glucose).
# Brief Explanations:
It is the reverse of dehydration synthesis; water is used to break the bonds between monomers in a polymer.

### Question 4
# Answer:
A carbohydrate is an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a ratio of approximately 1:2:1 (general formula $C_n(H_2O)_n$), and functions as an energy source and structural component in organisms (e.g., sugars, starches, cellulose).
# Brief Explanations:
Carbohydrates have the characteristic C:H:O ratio and play roles in energy storage (e.g., glycogen in animals, starch in plants) and structure (e.g., cellulose in plant cell walls).

### Question 5
# Answer:
A monosaccharide is the simplest (smallest) carbohydrate unit, a single sugar molecule (cannot be broken down into simpler sugars by hydrolysis), e.g., glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), galactose.
# Brief Explanations:
Monosaccharides are the monomers of more complex carbohydrates (disaccharides, polysaccharides) and are the primary energy - giving molecules in cells.

### Question 6
# Answer:
The primary function of a carbohydrate is to provide a quick - source of energy for cells (e.g., glucose is used in cellular respiration to produce ATP). They also serve as short - term energy storage (e.g., glycogen in animals, starch in plants) and structural support (e.g., cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi/exoskeletons).
# Brief Explanations:
Energy production is the most immediate and vital function, as cells use carbohydrate - derived energy for metabolic processes.

### Question 7
# Answer:
The general formula for a carbohydrate is $C_n(H_2O)_n$ (or can be written as $CH_2O$ for the simplest monosaccharides, where $n$ is the number of carbon atoms, typically 3 - 7).
# Brief Explanations:
This formula reflects the approximate 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms in carbohydrate molecules.

### Question 8
# Answer:
(1) Energy production (via cellular respiration to make ATP)
(2) Building block for larger carbohydrates (e.g., glucose is used to make starch or glycogen)
(3) Component of cell structures (e.g., in glycoproteins for cell - cell recognition)
# Brief Explanations:
- Energy production: Glucose is oxidized in cells to release energy.
- Building larger carbs: Glucose monomers link to form disaccharides (e.g., sucrose) or polysaccharides (e.g., starch).
- Cell structure: Glucose - derived molecules are part of cell - surface molecules for identification.

### Question 9
# Answer:
A polysaccharide is a large, complex carbohydrate made up of many (hundreds to thousands) monosaccharide units (monomers) bonded together via glycosidic bonds, e.g., starch (plant energy storage), glycogen (animal energy storage), cellulose (plant structure).
# Brief Explanations:
Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides, formed through dehydration synthesis, and have roles in energy storage or structural support.

### Question 10
# Answer:
A lipid is a diverse group of hydrophobic (water - repelling) organic molecules made mainly of carbon and hydrogen, with some oxygen, that are insoluble in water but soluble in non - polar solvents (e.g., fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids).
# Brief Explanations:
Lipids' hydrophobic nature comes from their long hydrocarbon chains, and they have various functions like energy storage, cell membrane structure, and hormone production.

### Question 11
# Answer:
Most lipids (triglycerides) are composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules (bonded via ester linkages). Other lipids like phospholipids have a glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate - containing group; steroids have a four - ring carbon structure.
# Brief Explanations:
Triglycerides (fats/oils) have this glycerol - fatty acid structure, while other lipid types have modified or different sub - units for their specific functions.

### Question 12
# Answer:
Saturated fats have fatty acid chains with only single carbon - carbon bonds (all carbon atoms are "saturated" with hydrogen atoms), are solid at room temperature (e.g., butter, lard). Unsaturated fats have at least one carbon - carbon double bond in their fatty acid chains (so they have fewer hydrogen atoms), are liquid at room temperature (e.g., olive oil, canola oil); polyunsaturated fats have multiple double bonds.
# Brief Explanations:
The presence/absence of double bonds affects the structure (straight vs. kinked chains) and physical state (solid vs. liquid) of the fat.

### Question 13
# Answer:
(1) Structural component of cell membranes (e.g., phospholipids form the lipid bilayer)
(2) Hormone production (e.g., steroid hormones like estrogen, testosterone are derived from lipids)
# Brief Explanations:
- Cell membrane: Phospholipids create the basic structure of cell membranes, with their hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads.
- Hormones: Steroid hormones, a type of lipid, regulate various physiological processes in the body.

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