multiple choice
13. which of the following is true of pneumonia?
(a) it is always caused by bacteria.
(b) it is always caused by a virus.
(c) it may be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection.
(d) recovery is faster for older adults.
14. which of the following is a symptom of pleurisy?
(a) nasal congestion
(b) chest pain that becomes worse with breathing
(c) loss of the senses of taste and smell
(d) brain fog/disorientation
15. this is an occupational disease associated with workers who have high exposure to dusts:
(a) copd
(b) emphysema
(c) pleurisy
(d) pneumoconiosis
16. these are the two chronic lung diseases grouped under copd:
(a) asthma and bronchitis
(b) emphysema and chronic pneumonia
(c) chronic bronchitis and emphysema
(d) pneumoconiosis and bronchiectasis
17. orthopnea, or difficulty breathing when lying down that is relieved by sitting up, is a common symptom of
(a) asthma
(b) copd
(c) pneumonia
(d) lung cancer
18. bronchitis is usually caused by
(a) bacteria
(b) exposure to cold weather
(c) environmental toxins
(d) a virus
19. two types of tuberculosis are
(a) chronic and acute
(b) pulmonary and cardiac
(c) latent tb infection and tb disease
(d) contagious and non - contagious
20. who is more likely to get tb?
(a) people with weakened immune systems
(b) people who had chickenpox as children
(c) people who have not been vaccinated against it
(d) people who do not get adequate exercise
21. postural drainage, which involves using different body positions to drain mucus from the lungs or to loosen it so it can be coughed up, may be ordered for a patient with this condition:
(a) influenza
(b) lung cancer
(c) bronchiectasis
(d) bronchitis
22. what causes the coughing and wheezing that occurs with asthma?
(a) air trapped in the lungs by constricted, mucus - filled airways
(b) spasms in the trachea (windpipe)
(c) abnormally enlarged bronchial tubes
(d) fluid in the lungs that interferes with gas exchange
short answer
for each of the following conditions, list at least three signs/symptoms, the etiology (cause), and at least one form of treatment:
23. emphysema
etiology:

treatment:

Question

multiple choice
13. which of the following is true of pneumonia?
(a) it is always caused by bacteria.
(b) it is always caused by a virus.
(c) it may be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection.
(d) recovery is faster for older adults.
14. which of the following is a symptom of pleurisy?
(a) nasal congestion
(b) chest pain that becomes worse with breathing
(c) loss of the senses of taste and smell
(d) brain fog/disorientation
15. this is an occupational disease associated with workers who have high exposure to dusts:
(a) copd
(b) emphysema
(c) pleurisy
(d) pneumoconiosis
16. these are the two chronic lung diseases grouped under copd:
(a) asthma and bronchitis
(b) emphysema and chronic pneumonia
(c) chronic bronchitis and emphysema
(d) pneumoconiosis and bronchiectasis
17. orthopnea, or difficulty breathing when lying down that is relieved by sitting up, is a common symptom of
(a) asthma
(b) copd
(c) pneumonia
(d) lung cancer
18. bronchitis is usually caused by
(a) bacteria
(b) exposure to cold weather
(c) environmental toxins
(d) a virus
19. two types of tuberculosis are
(a) chronic and acute
(b) pulmonary and cardiac
(c) latent tb infection and tb disease
(d) contagious and non - contagious
20. who is more likely to get tb?
(a) people with weakened immune systems
(b) people who had chickenpox as children
(c) people who have not been vaccinated against it
(d) people who do not get adequate exercise
21. postural drainage, which involves using different body positions to drain mucus from the lungs or to loosen it so it can be coughed up, may be ordered for a patient with this condition:
(a) influenza
(b) lung cancer
(c) bronchiectasis
(d) bronchitis
22. what causes the coughing and wheezing that occurs with asthma?
(a) air trapped in the lungs by constricted, mucus - filled airways
(b) spasms in the trachea (windpipe)
(c) abnormally enlarged bronchial tubes
(d) fluid in the lungs that interferes with gas exchange
short answer
for each of the following conditions, list at least three signs/symptoms, the etiology (cause), and at least one form of treatment:
23. emphysema
etiology:

treatment:

Accepted Answer

### Question 13
# Brief Explanations:
Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae), viruses (e.g., influenza virus), or fungi (e.g., Pneumocystis jirovecii). Option A is wrong as it's not always bacterial. Option B is wrong as it's not always viral. Option D is wrong as older adults have slower recovery. So option C is correct.
# Answer: C. It may be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

### Question 14
# Brief Explanations:
Pleurisy is the inflammation of the pleura (layers around the lungs). Chest pain that worsens with breathing is a classic symptom as the inflamed pleura rubs during respiration. Nasal congestion is not related. Loss of taste/smell is for other conditions. Brain fog/disorientation is not a typical pleurisy symptom. So option B is correct.
# Answer: B. Chest pain that becomes worse with breathing

### Question 15
# Brief Explanations:
Pneumoconiosis is an occupational lung disease caused by long - term inhalation of dusts (e.g., coal dust, silica dust). COPD has multiple causes including smoking. Empyema is a collection of pus in the pleural space, not mainly from dust. So option D is correct.
# Answer: D. Pneumoconiosis

### Question 16
# Brief Explanations:
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Asthma is a different type of airway disease. Chronic pneumonia is not part of COPD. Pneumoconiosis and bronchiectasis are not grouped under COPD. So option C is correct.
# Answer: C. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

### Question 17
# Brief Explanations:
Orthopnea (difficulty breathing when lying down, relieved by sitting up) is a common symptom of heart failure (both pulmonary and cardiac involvement as in left - sided heart failure leading to pulmonary congestion). Asthma has different triggers. COPD has chronic symptoms. Lung cancer may have other symptoms. So option B is correct.
# Answer: B. Pulmonary and cardiac

### Question 18
# Brief Explanations:
Bronchitis is usually caused by bacteria (e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) or viruses. Cold weather is a trigger but not the cause. Environmental toxins can irritate but not the main cause. Viruses can cause it too, but bacteria are a common cause. So option A is correct.
# Answer: A. Bacteria

### Question 19
# Brief Explanations:
The two types of tuberculosis are latent TB infection (where the bacteria are dormant) and TB disease (where the bacteria are active and causing symptoms). Chronic and acute are not the main types. Pulmonary and cardiac is not related. Contagious and non - contagious is about transmission, not types of TB. So option C is correct.
# Answer: C. Latent TB infection and TB disease

### Question 20
# Brief Explanations:
People with weakened immune systems (e.g., HIV - positive individuals, those on immunosuppressive drugs) are more likely to get TB as their body can't fight the Mycobacterium tuberculosis effectively. Having had chickenpox or not being vaccinated against TB (TB vaccine is not widely used in all populations) or lack of exercise are not the main risk factors compared to weakened immunity. So option A is correct.
# Answer: A. People with weakened immune systems

### Question 21
# Brief Explanations:
Postural drainage is used to drain mucus from the lungs, and it is used for conditions like bronchiectasis where there is abnormal dilation of bronchi and mucus accumulation. Influenza is a viral infection. Lung cancer has different management. Bronchitis may not require postural drainage as much as bronchiectasis. So option C is correct.
# Answer: C. Bronchiectasis

### Question 22
# Brief Explanations:
In asthma, the airways are constricted, and there is mucus production, leading to air being trapped in the lungs. This causes coughing and wheezing. Spasms in the trachea are not the main mechanism. Enlarged bronchial tubes are not a feature of asthma. Fluid in the lungs is more related to heart failure. So option A is correct.
# Answer: A. Air trapped in the lungs by constricted, mucus - filled airways

### Question 23 (Short Answer for Emphysema)
#### Signs/symptoms:
- Shortness of breath (dyspnea), especially on exertion.
- Chronic cough (may be productive of small amounts of mucus).
- Wheezing.
- Barrel - shaped chest (due to hyperinflation of the lungs).

#### Etiology (cause):
- Long - term cigarette smoking (the most common cause, as smoking irritates and destroys the alveolar walls).
- Occupational exposure to dusts, chemicals, or fumes (e.g., silica, cadmium).
- Alpha - 1 antitrypsin deficiency (a genetic disorder that can lead to emphysema, especially in non - smokers).

#### Treatment:
- Smoking cessation (the most important intervention to stop disease progression).
- Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol, salmeterol) to relax the airway muscles and improve airflow.
- Oxygen therapy (for patients with low oxygen levels, to improve oxygenation).
- Pulmonary rehabilitation (including exercise training, breathing techniques, and education to improve quality of life).

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