Question

name:
unit 4: nationalism/sectionalism and jackson
part i: be able to identify the following:

1. adams - onis treaty
2. mcculloch v. maryland
3. gibbons v. ogden
4. monroe doctrine
5. voting rights act
6. suffrage
7. spoils system
8. nullification
9. five civilized tribes
10. indian removal act
11. secede
12. kitchen cabinet
13. tariff of abominations
14. john c. calhoun
15. henry clay

part ii: look over your notes and worksheets to help answer the following questions completely.

1. describe the missouri compromise.
2. describe “corrupt bargain” and john quincy adams role in the election of 1824.
3. who won the election of 1824?

Explanation:

1. Adams-Onis Treaty: 1819 agreement where Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the U.S.-Spanish border in North America.
2. McCulloch v. Maryland: 1819 Supreme Court case that established federal law supremacy and Congress's implied powers via the Necessary and Proper Clause.
3. Gibbons v. Ogden: 1824 Supreme Court case that gave Congress sole power to regulate interstate commerce.
4. Monroe Doctrine: 1823 U.S. foreign policy opposing European interference in the Americas and U.S. non-involvement in European conflicts.
5. Voting Rights Act: 1965 federal law eliminating racial barriers to voting, like literacy tests, in the U.S.
6. Suffrage: The legal right to vote in political elections.
7. Spoils system: Practice of winning politicians appointing loyal supporters to government jobs.
8. Nullification: Idea that states can invalidate federal laws they deem unconstitutional.
9. Five Civilized Tribes: Term for the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole nations, who adopted European-American cultural practices.
10. Indian Removal Act: 1830 law authorizing the U.S. government to force Indigenous tribes east of the Mississippi to move to Oklahoma Territory.
11. Secede: To formally withdraw from a union or political entity, most notably Southern U.S. states before the Civil War.
12. Kitchen Cabinet: Informal group of advisors to President Andrew Jackson, separate from his official cabinet.
13. Tariff of Abominations: 1828 high protective tariff that angered Southern states, who saw it as harmful to their economy.
14. John C. Calhoun: U.S. politician, vice president, and advocate for states' rights, nullification, and Southern interests.
15. Henry Clay: U.S. politician, known as the "Great Compromiser," who drafted key sectional compromises to avoid civil war.
16. Missouri Compromise: 1820 agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and banning slavery north of the 36°30' parallel in the Louisiana Territory.
17. Corrupt Bargain & 1824 Election: No candidate won an electoral college majority, so the House chose John Quincy Adams. Andrew Jackson claimed Adams made a "corrupt bargain" by appointing Henry Clay (who backed Adams) as Secretary of State in exchange for his support.
18. 1824 Election Winner: John Quincy Adams was elected president by the U.S. House of Representatives after no candidate won an electoral college majority.

Answer:

1. Adams-Onis Treaty: 1819 treaty; U.S. gains Florida, defines border with Spain.
2. McCulloch v. Maryland: 1819 ruling; federal law > state law, Congress has implied powers.
3. Gibbons v. Ogden: 1824 ruling; Congress regulates interstate commerce.
4. Monroe Doctrine: 1823 policy; opposes European interference in Americas.
5. Voting Rights Act: 1965 law; ends racial voting barriers.
6. Suffrage: Legal right to vote in elections.
7. Spoils system: Politicians appoint loyalists to government roles.
8. Nullification: States can reject unconstitutional federal laws.
9. Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole nations.
10. Indian Removal Act: 1830 law; forces Indigenous tribes west of Mississippi.
11. Secede: Formal withdrawal from a political union.
12. Kitchen Cabinet: Andrew Jackson's informal group of advisors.
13. Tariff of Abominations: 1828 high tariff; hated by Southern states.
14. John C. Calhoun: Politician; advocate for states' rights and slavery.
15. Henry Clay: "Great Compromiser"; drafted sectional peace agreements.
16. Missouri Compromise: 1820 deal; balances free/slave states, bans slavery north of 36°30'.
17. "Corrupt bargain" & 1824 Election: No electoral college majority; House picks Adams, who appoints Clay (his supporter) as Secretary of State; Jackson calls this a corrupt deal.
18. Election of 1824 winner: John Quincy Adams