ncert questions
q1. what was the focus of the economic policies pursued by the colonial government in india? what was the impacts of these policies?
q2. name some notable economists who estimated indias per capita income during the colonial period.
q3. what were the main causes of indias agricultural stagnation during the colonial period?
q4. name some modern industries which were in operation in our country at the time of independence.
q5. what was the two - fold motive behind the systematic deindustrialisation effected by the british in pre - independent india?
q6. the traditional handicrafts industries were ruined under the british rule. do you agree with this view? give reasons in support of your answer.
q7. what objectives did the british intend to achieve through their policies of infrastructure development in india?
q8. critically appraise some of the shortfalls of the industrial policy pursued by the british colonial administration.
q9. what do you understand by the drain of indian wealth during the colonial period?
q10. which is regarded as the defining year to mark the demographic transition from its first to the second decisive stage?
q11. give a quantitative appraisal of indias demographic profile during the colonial period.
q12. highlight the salient features of indias pre - independence occupational structure.
q13. underscore some of indias most crucial economic challenges at the time of independence.
q14. when was indias first official census operation undertaken?
q15. indicate the volume and direction of trade at the time of independence.
q16. were there any positive contributions made by the british in india? discuss.

Question

Accepted Answer

(2) To make India a market for British manufactured goods (so that British - made products like textiles could be sold in India, ruining Indian handicrafts).
### Answer:
Two - fold motive for deindustrialization: 1. Make India raw material supplier for Britain. 2. Make India a market for British manufactured goods.

For Q6:

### Brief Explanations:
Yes, traditional handicrafts industries were ruined under British rule. Reasons: (1) British policies made Indian handicrafts uncompetitive (high tariffs on Indian exports, low tariffs on British imports). (2) Disruption of local markets due to British - made goods flooding Indian markets. (3) Decline of royal patronage (as princely states were subjugated, no more support for handicrafts). (4) Lack of modern technology and capital investment in traditional industries.
### Answer:
Yes, traditional handicrafts were ruined. Reasons: 1. Unfavorable trade policies (high tariffs on Indian exports, low on British imports). 2. British goods flooded markets. 3. Decline of royal patronage. 4. Lack of modern tech/capital.

For Q7:

### Brief Explanations:
The British aimed to achieve infrastructure development (like railways, ports, roads) in India for: (1) Facilitating the movement of raw materials from interior to ports (for export to Britain). (2) Facilitating the movement of British manufactured goods from ports to interior (for sale in Indian markets). (3) For strategic military purposes (to move troops quickly).
### Answer:
British objectives for infrastructure development: 1. Move raw materials to ports (for export). 2. Move British goods to interior (for sale). 3. Strategic military movement.

For Q8:

### Brief Explanations:
Shortfalls of British industrial policy: (1) Neglect of heavy and capital - goods industries (focus on consumer goods or industries using Indian raw materials for British benefit). (2) Disregard for Indian entrepreneurship (British - owned industries dominated, Indian entrepreneurs faced discrimination). (3) Lack of technology transfer (modern technology not shared with Indians, stunting industrial growth). (4) Uneven regional development (industries concentrated in few areas like Mumbai, Kolkata, neglecting others).
### Answer:
Shortfalls of British industrial policy: 1. Neglected heavy/capital - goods industries. 2. Discriminated against Indian entrepreneurs. 3. No technology transfer. 4. Uneven regional development.

For Q9:

### Brief Explanations:
Drain of Indian wealth during colonial period refers to the flow of resources from India to Britain without any corresponding economic return. This included: (1) Payments for British administrative and military expenses in India (Indians paid for British governance). (2) Profits of British companies in India sent back to Britain. (3) Payments for imports of British goods (India had a trade deficit, leading to outflow of wealth).
### Answer:
Drain of Indian wealth: Flow of resources from India to Britain without return, including administrative/military expense payments, British company profits repatriation, and trade - deficit - related outflows.

For Q10:

### Brief Explanations:
The year 1921 is regarded as the defining year to mark the demographic transition from its first to the second (decisive) stage. Before 1921, India's population growth was stagnant (high birth and death rates). After 1921, death rate started to decline, and population growth rate increased, marking the second stage.
### Answer:
1921 is the defining year for demographic transition from first to second (decisive) stage.

For Q11:

### Brief Explanations:
During colonial period, India's demographic profile: (1) High birth rate (around 48 per thousand) and high death rate (around 40 per thousand), leading to low natural growth rate (around 1.2% per annum). (2) High infant mortality rate (around 218 per thousand live births). (3) Low life expectancy (around 32 years). (4) Uneven population distribution (high density in some regions, low in others).
### Answer:
Colonial demographic profile: High birth (≈48/1000), high death (≈40/1000), low natural growth (≈1.2% p.a.), high infant mortality (≈218/1000), low life expectancy (≈32 years), uneven distribution.

For Q12:

### Brief Explanations:
Pre - independence occupational structure: (1) Dominance of agriculture: Around 70 - 80% of workforce engaged in agriculture (subsistence farming, cash - crop cultivation for British). (2) Neglect of manufacturing: Only about 10% in manufacturing (traditional handicrafts ruined, modern industries in nascent stage). (3) Small service sector: Remaining workforce in services like trade, transport, administration (mostly for British interests, e.g., railway staff, port workers).
### Answer:
Pre - independence occupational structure: 1. ≈70 - 80% in agriculture (subsistence/cash crops). 2. ≈10% in manufacturing (handicrafts ruined, modern industries nascent). 3. Small service sector (trade/transport/admin for British).

For Q13:

### Brief Explanations:
Economic challenges at independence: (1) Low per - capita income (due to colonial exploitation). (2) Agricultural stagnation (low productivity, land issues). (3) Industrial backwardness (neglected by British, lack of modern industries). (4) Mass poverty and unemployment (large workforce in low - productivity agriculture, few jobs in industries). (5) Uneven regional development (industries concentrated in few areas, others underdeveloped). (6) Weak infrastructure (inadequate for economic growth).
### Answer:
Economic challenges at independence: 1. Low per - capita income. 2. Agricultural stagnation. 3. Industrial backwardness. 4. Mass poverty/unemployment. 5. Uneven regional development. 6. Weak infrastructure.

For Q14:

### Brief Explanations:
India's first official census was undertaken in 1881.
### Answer:
India's first official census was in 1881.

For Q15:

### Brief Explanations:
At independence, India's trade volume was low. Direction of trade: (1) Exports: Mainly raw materials (cotton, jute, tea) to Britain and other colonies. (2) Imports: Mainly British manufactured goods (textiles, machinery) and some luxury items. Trade was highly unfavorable (imports > exports in value, leading to drain of wealth).
### Answer:
Trade at independence: Low volume. Exports: Raw materials (cotton, jute, tea) to Britain/colonies. Imports: British manufactured goods/luxury items. Unfavorable (imports > exports).

For Q16:

### Brief Explanations:
Positive contributions by British: (1) Infrastructure development (railways, ports, roads - though for their own benefit, but laid foundation for future development). (2) Modern education system (English - medium education, some universities/colleges established, which later helped in nation - building). (3) Legal system (modern legal framework, courts, which provided a basis for governance). (4) Administrative unification (India was unified under one administration, which helped in post - independence governance).
### Answer:
Positive British contributions: 1. Infrastructure (railways/ports/roads - foundation for development). 2. Modern education (English - medium, universities). 3. Legal system (modern courts/framework). 4. Administrative unification (aided post - independence governance).

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