part iii: isotopes (stay on strand scoring)
8. which particles affect the stability of the atom?
9. which particles do not affect the stability of the atom?
10. what are the names of the stable forms of oxygen?
a) oxygen-16
b) oxygen ____
c) oxygen ____
d) list all of the things that are the same about these atoms (ignore the electrons)
e) list all of the things that are different about these atoms (ignore the electrons)
11. the atoms in the previous question are isotopes of each other. based on this information, list the requirements for two atoms to be isotopes of each other
- requirement 1: ____
- requirement 2: ____
12. test your understanding of isotopes by examining the relationships between the pairs of atoms listed below
| atom 1 | atom 2 | relationship between atom 1 and atom 2 |
| $\ce{^{12}_{6}c}$ | $\ce{^{13}_{6}c}$ | $\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element |
| carbon-12 | $\ce{^{12}_{6}c}$ | $\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element |
| argon-40 | argon-41 | $\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element |
| $\ce{^{11}_{5}b}$ | boron-10 | $\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element |
| an atom with 13 protons, 14 neutrons | an atom with 13 protons and 13 neutrons | $\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element |

Question

part iii: isotopes (stay on strand scoring)
8. which particles affect the stability of the atom?
9. which particles do not affect the stability of the atom?
10. what are the names of the stable forms of oxygen?
    a) oxygen-16
    b) oxygen ____
    c) oxygen ____
    d) list all of the things that are the same about these atoms (ignore the electrons)
    e) list all of the things that are different about these atoms (ignore the electrons)
11. the atoms in the previous question are isotopes of each other. based on this information, list the requirements for two atoms to be isotopes of each other
    - requirement 1: ____
    - requirement 2: ____
12. test your understanding of isotopes by examining the relationships between the pairs of atoms listed below
    | atom 1 | atom 2 | relationship between atom 1 and atom 2 |
    | $\ce{^{12}_{6}c}$ | $\ce{^{13}_{6}c}$ | $\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element |
    | carbon-12 | $\ce{^{12}_{6}c}$ | $\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element |
    | argon-40 | argon-41 | $\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element |
    | $\ce{^{11}_{5}b}$ | boron-10 | $\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element |
    | an atom with 13 protons, 14 neutrons | an atom with 13 protons and 13 neutrons | $\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element |

Accepted Answer

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
Neutrons affect atomic stability (too many/few vs protons cause instability). Electrons (in neutral atoms) don't; protons define the element. So neutrons (and sometimes protons-neutron ratio) affect stability.
# Answer:
Neutrons (and the ratio of protons to neutrons) affect the stability of the atom.

### Question 9
# Brief Explanations:
Electrons (in a neutral atom, same as protons) don't affect nuclear stability (stability is nuclear, about protons/neutrons). Protons define the element, neutrons affect stability. So electrons (and in some cases, if charge is ignored, electrons' number change doesn't affect nuclear stability).
# Answer:
Electrons do not affect the stability of the atom (nuclear stability depends on protons - neutrons, electrons are about charge/chemistry, not nuclear stability).

### Question 10
#### a) - c) (Stable Oxygen Isotopes)
# Brief Explanations:
Stable oxygen isotopes are Oxygen - 16, Oxygen - 17, Oxygen - 18. These have 8 protons, and 8, 9, 10 neutrons respectively, and are stable (no radioactive decay).
# Answer:
b) Oxygen - 17; c) Oxygen - 18

#### d) (Same About These Atoms)
# Brief Explanations:
Isotopes of oxygen (O - 16, O - 17, O - 18) have the same number of protons (8, defines oxygen), same atomic number (8), same number of electrons (in neutral state, though we ignore electrons here, but protons determine element), so same element, same proton number, same atomic number.
# Answer:
- Same number of protons (8 protons, atomic number 8).
- Same element (oxygen, since proton number defines the element).
- Same number of electrons (in neutral atoms, though electrons are ignored here, but the proton - electron balance for neutrality is consistent in terms of element's identity).

#### e) (Different About These Atoms)
# Brief Explanations:
Isotopes differ in neutron number (and thus mass number: protons + neutrons). O - 16: 8 neutrons, O - 17: 9 neutrons, O - 18: 10 neutrons. So mass number (16, 17, 18) and number of neutrons differ.
# Answer:
- Different number of neutrons (O - 16: 8, O - 17: 9, O - 18: 10 neutrons).
- Different mass number (16, 17, 18; mass number = protons + neutrons).

### Question 11
# Brief Explanations:
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (same proton number/atomic number) with different neutron numbers (thus different mass numbers). So two requirements: 1) Same number of protons (same atomic number, same element). 2) Different number of neutrons (different mass numbers).
# Answer:
- Requirement 1: The two atoms must have the same number of protons (same atomic number, i.e., be the same element).
- Requirement 2: The two atoms must have a different number of neutrons (different mass numbers).

### Question 12 (First Row: $\boldsymbol{_{\ 6}^{12}C}$ and $\boldsymbol{_{\ 6}^{13}C}$)
# Brief Explanations:
Both have 6 protons (atomic number 6, carbon), different neutrons (12 - 6 = 6; 13 - 6 = 7 neutrons). So they are isotopes (same element, different neutrons).
# Answer:
Isotopes (check the "Isotopes" box).

### Question 12 (Second Row: Carbon - 12 and $\boldsymbol{_{\ 6}^{12}C}$)
# Brief Explanations:
Carbon - 12 is $_{\ 6}^{12}C$, so they are the same atom (same proton, same neutron number). So "Same Atom, Not Isotopes of Each Other" (since isotopes need different neutrons; same atom has same protons and neutrons).
# Answer:
Same Atom, Not Isotopes of Each Other (check that box).

### Question 12 (Third Row: Argon - 40 and Argon - 41)
# Brief Explanations:
Argon has atomic number 18 (18 protons). Argon - 40: 40 - 18 = 22 neutrons; Argon - 41: 41 - 18 = 23 neutrons. Same element (argon, 18 protons), different neutrons. So isotopes.
# Answer:
Isotopes (check the "Isotopes" box).

### Question 12 (Fourth Row: $\boldsymbol{_{\ 5}^{11}B}$ and Boron - 10)
# Brief Explanations:
Boron has atomic number 5 (5 protons). $_{\ 5}^{11}B$: 11 - 5 = 6 neutrons; Boron - 10: 10 - 5 = 5 neutrons. Same element (boron, 5 protons), different neutrons. So isotopes.
# Answer:
Isotopes (check the "Isotopes" box).

### Question 12 (Fifth Row: Atom with 13 neutrons, 20 protons and Atom with 14 neutrons, 19 protons)
# Brief Explanations:
First atom: protons = 20 (atomic number 20, calcium), neutrons = 13, mass number = 33. Second atom: protons = 19 (atomic number 19, potassium), neutrons = 14, mass number = 33. Different atomic numbers (different elements: Ca vs K), so "Different Element".
# Answer:
Different Element (check the "Different Element" box).

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QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

Question 8

Answer:

Question 9

atom 1	atom 2	relationship between atom 1 and atom 2
$\ce{^{12}_{6}c}$	$\ce{^{13}_{6}c}$	$\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element
carbon-12	$\ce{^{12}_{6}c}$	$\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element
argon-40	argon-41	$\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element
$\ce{^{11}_{5}b}$	boron-10	$\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element
an atom with 13 protons, 14 neutrons	an atom with 13 protons and 13 neutrons	$\square$ isotopes $\square$ same atom, not isotopes of each other $\square$ different element