Question

question 2
2 pts
which factor is required to establish causality?
○ validity
○ the deductive approach
○ time order
○ spuriousness

Explanation:

To establish causality, time order (the cause must occur before the effect) is a key requirement. Validity relates to measurement accuracy, the deductive approach is a reasoning method, and spuriousness refers to a false apparent relationship, none of which are direct requirements for causality.

Answer:

C. time order