Question

1. in thermodynamics, “spontaneous” means that a reaction will occur:

(a) in an unplanned means.
(b) impetuously.
(c) extemporaneously.
(d) without an input of energy.

Explanation:

In thermodynamics, a spontaneous reaction is defined as a process that proceeds on its own without the need for continuous external energy input. The other options do not match the scientific definition: (a) refers to unplanned, not a thermodynamic property; (b) describes speed, which spontaneity does not address; (c) is a non-scientific, vague term.

Answer:

(d) without an input of energy.