Question

the united states exerted control over the nation of hawaii when occupying the island nation in the 1800s. the hawaiians were still led by their queen, and their land was used by americans to establish a fruitful sugar trade based on sugar plantations. eventually american farmers overthrew the local government to take control over the island. the americans brought aspects of their culture, such as a focus on global trade. which types of diffusion does this exemplify?
mechanical
contagious
expansion
vial
stimulus

Explanation:

1. Hierarchical diffusion: Involves the spread of an idea from persons of power or authority to other persons. In the case of Hawaii, American control was exerted through overthrowing the local government and the influence came from a position of power (American occupation).
2. Contagious diffusion: Is the spread of an idea through direct contact from person - to - person. This is not the case here as it was more about power and occupation rather than simple person - to - person spread.
3. Expansion diffusion: General term for the spread of a cultural element from its hearth. While the American influence did spread, the key aspect here is the power - based spread which is more characteristic of hierarchical diffusion.
4. Viral diffusion: Similar to contagious diffusion but often used in the context of rapid spread in modern media or digital contexts, not applicable here.
5. Stimulus diffusion: Occurs when an idea is adopted but is changed to fit local conditions. There is no indication of this in the description given.

Answer:

Hierarchical