Question

1. what is most closely the meaning of superseded as it is used in the passage below (paragraph 1)?

for centuries, no political change has been brought about by the citizens themselves. in the capital, great rulers have superseded each other—indeed, even dynasties have been deposed or annihilated, and new ones have started. in the past century alone the capital itself was destroyed, a new one was founded far away from it, later on this too was destroyed and the old one rebuilt, yet none of this had any influence on our little town.
o with paid large sums of money to
o with questioned
o with defeated in battle
o with taken the place of; succeeded

Explanation:

In the context of the passage about rulers in the capital, "superseded" means one ruler taking the place of another. Dynasties being deposed and new ones starting implies succession or replacement.

Answer:

D. (verb) taken the place of; succeeded