Question

1.10 cheaters, scope of inference: exercise 1.5 introduces a study where researchers studying the relationship between honesty, age, and self - control conducted an experiment on 160 children between the ages of 5 and 15. the researchers asked each child to toss a fair coin in private and to record the outcome (white or black) on a paper sheet, and said they would only reward children who report white. half the students were explicitly told not to cheat and the others were not given any explicit instructions. differences were observed in the cheating rates in the instruction and no instruction groups, as well as some differences across childrens characteristics within each group.
a) identify the population of interest in the study.
the researchers
80 children between the ages of 5 and 15 who were told not to cheat
all children between the ages of 5 and 15
160 children between the ages of 5 and 15
b) identify the sample for this study.
80 children between the ages of 5 and 15 who were told not to cheat
all children between the ages of 5 and 15
160 children between the ages of 5 and 15
the researchers
c) can the results of the study can be generalized to the population? should the findings of the study can be used to establish causal relationships.
if the sample is randomly selected and representative of the entire population, then the results can be generalized to the target population. furthermore, since this study is observational, the findings can be used to infer causal relationships.
if the sample is randomly selected and representative of the

Explanation:

a) The population of interest is the entire group that the study aims to draw conclusions about. Here, the researchers are interested in all children between 5 and 15 years old.
b) The sample is the actual group of individuals studied. In this case, it's the 160 children who participated in the experiment.
c) Generalization to the population is possible if the sample is random and representative. Causal relationships can be established in an experimental study (this is an experiment as there are control and treatment - instruction and no - instruction groups).

Answer:

a) All children between the ages of 5 and 15
b) 160 children between the ages of 5 and 15
c) If the sample is randomly selected and representative of the entire population, then the results can be generalized to the target population. Since this is an experimental study, the findings can be used to infer causal relationships.