Question

1. answer the following questions using the diagram below: a. draw in the shared electrons for the bonds that are shown in bold (like for the unbolded bond above with the arrow pointing at it). b. draw the partial charges on the atoms involved in the bonds that are bolded. c. why is an attraction possible between the h and o involved in the hydrogen bond (indicated with the dotted line) shown above? d. draw an alternative hydrogen bond between different atoms of these two molecules in the space below: e. go back to question 9 model and draw in some of the possible hydrogen bonds in both mixtures.

Explanation:

Step1: Identify bonding electrons

For covalent bonds (bold - bonded atoms), each bond represents a pair of shared electrons. For example, in a C - N bond, two electrons are shared. One electron from carbon and one from nitrogen form the bond. We can represent these shared electrons as two dots between the bonded atoms.

Step2: Determine partial charges

Electronegative atoms (such as O and N) attract electrons more strongly in a covalent bond. Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. So in an O - H bond, the oxygen has a partial negative charge ($\delta-$) and the hydrogen has a partial positive charge ($\delta+$). Similarly, in a N - H bond, nitrogen has a partial negative charge and hydrogen has a partial positive charge.

Step3: Explain hydrogen - bond attraction

Hydrogen bonding occurs when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as N, O, or F). The hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge due to the electronegativity difference. The oxygen atom, which is highly electronegative and has lone - pair electrons, is attracted to the partially positive hydrogen atom. This electrostatic attraction is the basis of the hydrogen bond.

Step4: Draw alternative hydrogen bond

An alternative hydrogen bond could be formed between the hydrogen of the N - H group and the oxygen of the C=O group in another molecule. We can draw a dotted line to represent this hydrogen bond.

Step5: Draw hydrogen bonds in mixtures

Based on the electronegative atoms (O and N) and hydrogen atoms bonded to them in the molecules from Question 9, we can draw dotted lines to represent possible hydrogen bonds between different molecules in the mixtures. However, since Question 9 model is not provided here, we assume the general principle of hydrogen - bond formation between electronegative atoms (O, N) and hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms in other molecules.

Answer:

a. Draw two dots between each bold - bonded pair of atoms to represent shared electrons.
b. Mark $\delta+$ on hydrogen atoms and $\delta-$ on electronegative atoms (O and N) in the bold - bonded groups.
c. The hydrogen has a partial positive charge due to the electronegativity of the atom it is covalently bonded to, and the oxygen has a partial negative charge and lone - pair electrons, leading to electrostatic attraction.
d. Draw a dotted line between the hydrogen of an N - H group and the oxygen of a C=O group in another molecule.
e. Without the Question 9 model, draw dotted lines between electronegative atoms (O, N) and hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms in other molecules in the mixtures following the hydrogen - bond formation principle.