Question

28 - 31. while a child is playing in a shallow pool, his older brother pushes his head under the water and the child swallows a lot of water and becomes very frightened. (any time we feel a threat to our life, we will automatically become frightened.) now this same child becomes very anxious just thinking of being in water over his head. in this example, identify the ucs, ucr, cs and cr.
32 - 35. you drink too much tequila and become nauseated and vomit. now just the aroma of tequila makes you feel sick to your stomach. in this example, identify the ucs, ucr, cs, and cr.
36 - 38. operant conditioning is very different from classical conditioning. it involves the learning of a voluntary behavior—something you choose to do. in contrast, classical conditioning involves the conditioning of an automatic response to a new stimulus. classical conditioning takes place in your primitive brain stem or ____ brain (unconscious or conscious). operant learning occurs in your cerebral cortex or ____ brain (unconscious or conscious).
39 - 40. an operant response is a voluntary (voluntary or involuntary) response. it is encouraged if it receives either a positive reinforcement or a negative reinforcement. a positive reinforcement is \getting something good\. so if my students praises me for teaching something well, my teaching efforts have been encouraged because they were provided a positive reinforcement (positive or negative).
41 - 42. you get paid money for working. this money is another example of positive ____. what other positive reinforcement do you get at work? ____
43 - 44. when you study hard and receive an a, that is an example of a ____ reinforcement. when you spend time with certain friends because they are so much fun, that is also an example of ____.

1. however, when we are avoiding something bad, we are also getting a type of payoff or reinforcement. this type of payoff is called negative reinforcement. skinner did not mean \bad\ when he chose the term negative reinforcement. he meant negative in the context of receiving negative results for having strep throat—if the tests come out negative, there is no strep throat. that’s a payoff—but not for getting something good but for avoiding something bad so it is called ______ reinforcement.
2. the absence of infection by any doctor is referred to as

egative test results.\ so, if a person goes to a neurologist to see if they have a brain tumor, they want the doctor to find ______ results as this means that they do not have a tumor (positive or negative).

1. so, if i go to the doctor and am told that i do not have strep throat, then i have been given a type of reinforcement or payoff—but it’s a negative reinforcement not a positive reinforcement because it involve ______ of something bad. (avoidance or presence)
2. when we avoid or escape something bad, the event is called negative reinforcement. negative reinforcement is not punishment. in fact, punishment is the opposite—punishment is getting something bad. if i drive over the speed limit but still manage to avoid getting a ticket, then that is ______ reinforcement.

Explanation:

1. 28 - 31 (Classical Conditioning):

• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) is an event that naturally and automatically triggers a response. Here, being pushed underwater is a life - threatening event that naturally causes fear (Unconditioned Response - UCR). The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that, after association with the UCS, elicits a response. The sight of the pool becomes the CS, and the fear of the pool is the Conditioned Response (CR).

1. 32 - 35 (Classical Conditioning):

• Drinking too much tequila (UCS) naturally causes nausea and vomiting (UCR). The aroma of tequila (CS) becomes associated with this experience, and feeling sick at the aroma is the CR.

1. 36 - 38 (Operant vs Classical Conditioning):

• Classical conditioning involves an automatic response to a new stimulus and occurs in the primitive brain. Operant conditioning involves voluntary behavior and occurs in the cerebral cortex.

1. 39 - 40 (Operant Conditioning):

• An operant response is voluntary. Positive reinforcement encourages behavior by providing something good, like praise for teaching well.

1. 41 - 42 (Positive Reinforcement):

• Money for working is positive reinforcement. Other examples could include recognition, promotions, etc.

1. 43 - 44 (Positive Reinforcement):

• Getting an A for studying hard and spending time with fun - friends are examples of positive reinforcement.

1. 45 (Negative Reinforcement):

• Negative reinforcement is avoiding something bad. Skinner used "negative" in the context of negative test results (absence of something bad).

1. 46 (Negative Test Results):

• When checking for a brain tumor, negative results mean no tumor, which is what one wants.

1. 47 (Negative Reinforcement):

• Not having strep throat is negative reinforcement as it involves avoidance of something bad.

1. 48 (Negative Reinforcement vs Punishment):

• Avoiding a speeding ticket is negative reinforcement as it is avoiding something bad, while punishment is getting something bad.

Answer:

1. 28 - 31:

• UCS: Being pushed underwater
• UCR: Fear
• CS: Sight of the pool
• CR: Fear of the pool

1. 32 - 35:

• UCS: Drinking too much tequila
• UCR: Nausea and vomiting
• CS: Aroma of tequila
• CR: Feeling sick at the aroma

1. 36 - 38:

• Automatic response; primitive; cerebral cortex

1. 39 - 40:

• Voluntary; positive

1. 41 - 42:

• Recognition, promotions (answers may vary)

1. 43 - 44:

• Positive; positive

1. 45:

• Negative

1. 46:

• Negative

1. 47:

• Avoidance

1. 48:

• Negative