Question

argument in public advocacy quick check
drag each argument to the correct location. (1 point)
sound valid but unsound invalid
argumet
the nineteenth amendment gave women in the united states the right to vote.
since 1980, women have registered to vote and turned out in greater numbers at the polls than men.
therefore, the nineteenth amendment was ratified some time before 1980.
john adams, john quincy adams father, was a federalist.
family members belong to the same political party.
thus, john quincy adams was a federalist like his father.
a world war is fought by multiple nations in multiple countries.
during the war of 1812, the united states fought great britain in america and canada.
it follows that the war of 1812 was a world war.

Explanation:

To solve this, we analyze each argument based on the definitions of sound, valid but unsound, and invalid arguments:

1. First Argument:

• Premises: The Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote; since 1980, women voted in greater numbers than men.
• Conclusion: The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified before 1980.
• Analysis: The Nineteenth Amendment was actually ratified in 1920 (a fact), and the premises logically support the conclusion (if women could vote and voted more after 1980, the amendment must have been ratified before 1980). So this argument is sound (valid + all premises true).

2. Second Argument:

• Premises: John Adams (father) was a Federalist; family members belong to the same party.
• Conclusion: John Quincy Adams was a Federalist.
• Analysis: The premise “family members belong to the same political party” is false (John Quincy Adams was a Democratic-Republican). However, the conclusion follows logically from the premises (if the false premise were true, the conclusion would hold). So this argument is valid but unsound (valid structure, at least one false premise).

3. Third Argument:

• Premises: A world war involves multiple nations in multiple countries; the War of 1812 was US vs. Great Britain.
• Conclusion: The War of 1812 was a world war.
• Analysis: A world war requires multiple nations (not just two). The conclusion does not follow from the premises (only two nations were involved). So this argument is invalid (conclusion does not logically follow from premises).

Final Categorization:

• Sound: The Nineteenth Amendment gave women in the United States the right to vote... (first argument)
• Valid but unsound: John Adams, John Quincy Adams’ father, was a Federalist... (second argument)
• Invalid: A world war is fought by multiple nations... (third argument)

Answer:

To solve this, we analyze each argument based on the definitions of sound, valid but unsound, and invalid arguments:

1. First Argument:

• Premises: The Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote; since 1980, women voted in greater numbers than men.
• Conclusion: The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified before 1980.
• Analysis: The Nineteenth Amendment was actually ratified in 1920 (a fact), and the premises logically support the conclusion (if women could vote and voted more after 1980, the amendment must have been ratified before 1980). So this argument is sound (valid + all premises true).

2. Second Argument:

• Premises: John Adams (father) was a Federalist; family members belong to the same party.
• Conclusion: John Quincy Adams was a Federalist.
• Analysis: The premise “family members belong to the same political party” is false (John Quincy Adams was a Democratic-Republican). However, the conclusion follows logically from the premises (if the false premise were true, the conclusion would hold). So this argument is valid but unsound (valid structure, at least one false premise).

3. Third Argument:

• Premises: A world war involves multiple nations in multiple countries; the War of 1812 was US vs. Great Britain.
• Conclusion: The War of 1812 was a world war.
• Analysis: A world war requires multiple nations (not just two). The conclusion does not follow from the premises (only two nations were involved). So this argument is invalid (conclusion does not logically follow from premises).

Final Categorization:

• Sound: The Nineteenth Amendment gave women in the United States the right to vote... (first argument)
• Valid but unsound: John Adams, John Quincy Adams’ father, was a Federalist... (second argument)
• Invalid: A world war is fought by multiple nations... (third argument)