Question

atoms, elements, chemical bonds and enzymes

1. what is an atom made up of (3 subatomic particles)?
2. what are the charges (+, -, neutral) for each subatomic particle?
3. where are the protons and neutrons located?
4. where are the electrons located?
5. how do you find the number of neutrons in an element?
6. what two things add up to the atomic mass?
7. what does the atomic number tell you? the number of what?
8. how many electrons can fit in the 1st energy level?
9. how many electrons can fit in the rest of the energy levels?
10. draw a beryllium atom (use your table of elements).
11. what are the two types of chemical bonds? what is the difference between them?
12. what elements make up a water molecule?
13. draw a water molecules with the elements:
14. explain how water is polar (you can draw a picture to explain):
15. what type of bond does a water molecule have when it comes in contact with another water molecule?
16. what is cohesion? give an example.
17. what is adhesion? give an example.

Explanation:

Step1: Identify sub - atomic particles

An atom is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Step2: Determine charges

Protons have a positive charge (+), electrons have a negative charge (-), and neutrons are neutral.

Step3: Locate protons and neutrons

Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom.

Step4: Locate electrons

Electrons are located in electron - shells or orbitals around the nucleus.

Step5: Find number of neutrons

The number of neutrons in an element is found by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass (Number of neutrons = Atomic mass - Atomic number).

Step6: Components of atomic mass

The atomic mass is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons.

Step7: Meaning of atomic number

The atomic number tells you the number of protons in an atom.

Step8: Electrons in 1st energy level

The first energy level can hold 2 electrons.

Step9: Electrons in other energy levels

The rest of the energy levels (after the first) can hold 8 electrons each.

Step10: Draw Beryllium atom

Beryllium has an atomic number of 4. So it has 4 protons and 4 electrons in a neutral atom. It usually has 5 neutrons. Draw a nucleus with 4 protons and 5 neutrons, and 2 electrons in the first energy - level and 2 electrons in the second energy - level.

Step11: Types of chemical bonds

The two types of chemical bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating ions that are attracted to each other. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Step12: Elements in water molecule

A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H₂O).

Step13: Draw water molecule

Draw an oxygen atom in the center with two hydrogen atoms bonded to it. The bonds are covalent.

Step14: Explain water polarity

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. In a water molecule, the shared electrons are pulled closer to the oxygen atom, creating a partial negative charge (δ⁻) on the oxygen and partial positive charges (δ⁺) on the hydrogen atoms. This creates a polar molecule.

Step15: Bond between water molecules

When water molecules come in contact with each other, they form hydrogen bonds.

Step16: Define cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same substance. An example is water beading up on a surface.

Step17: Define adhesion

Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substances. An example is water sticking to the side of a glass.

Answer:

1. Protons, neutrons, electrons
2. Protons: +, Electrons: -, Neutrons: neutral
3. In the nucleus
4. In electron - shells or orbitals around the nucleus
5. Number of neutrons = Atomic mass - Atomic number
6. Protons and neutrons
7. The number of protons
8. 2
9. 8
10. Draw a nucleus with 4 protons and 5 neutrons, 2 electrons in the first energy - level and 2 electrons in the second energy - level
11. Ionic bonds and covalent bonds. Ionic bonds involve electron transfer, covalent bonds involve electron sharing.
12. Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
13. Draw an oxygen atom with two hydrogen atoms bonded to it
14. Oxygen is more electronegative, creating partial charges on H and O
15. Hydrogen bonds
16. Attraction between same - substance molecules, e.g., water beading
17. Attraction between different - substance molecules, e.g., water on glass