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benchmark study guide date book bio.1a - characteristics of life/ virus…

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benchmark study guide
date
book
bio.1a - characteristics of life/ viruses/ cell theory

  1. list the characteristics of living things. give an example of each.
  2. list the parts of the cell theory and the scientists that contributed.
  3. list the biological organization levels from simplest to most complex. give an example of each.
  4. what is homeostasis?
  5. what is an adaptation? give an example.
  6. draw and label the parts of a virus.
  7. is a virus considered living or non - living? explain why.

bio.1b. macromolecules

  1. why is life considered to be carbon based?
  2. how many bonds can carbon form? why is this important?
  3. what is a monomer?
  4. what is a polymer?
  5. what elements are in a carbohydrate? what is the ratio?
  6. what is a monosaccharide? give 3 examples.
  7. draw the basic structure of a monosaccharide.
  8. what is a polysaccharide? give 3 examples.
  9. draw the basic structure of a polysaccharide.
  10. what are carbohydrates used for in living things? list 3 functions.
  11. what is an amino acid? what are amino acids used for?
  12. how many amino acids are there?
  13. what is the difference between amino acids?
  14. what kind of bond holds amino acids together?

Explanation:

Brief Explanations
  1. Characteristics of living things include cellular organization (e.g., bacteria are single - celled organisms), metabolism (e.g., plants perform photosynthesis for energy), growth and development (e.g., a seed grows into a plant), response to stimuli (e.g., plants grow towards light), reproduction (e.g., rabbits reproduce sexually), and homeostasis (e.g., human body maintaining a constant temperature).
  2. Cell theory parts: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells (Schleiden and Schwann); the cell is the basic unit of life (Schleiden and Schwann); all cells come from pre - existing cells (Virchow).
  3. Biological organization levels: Atom (e.g., carbon atom), molecule (e.g., water molecule), organelle (e.g., mitochondria), cell (e.g., red blood cell), tissue (e.g., muscle tissue), organ (e.g., heart), organ system (e.g., circulatory system), organism (e.g., a dog), population (e.g., a group of deer in a forest), community (e.g., all the different species in a forest), ecosystem (e.g., a forest ecosystem with living and non - living components), biosphere (the global sum of all ecosystems).
  4. Homeostasis is the ability of an organism or system to maintain a relatively stable internal environment. For example, the human body regulates blood sugar levels.
  5. Adaptation is a trait that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. For example, the long neck of a giraffe helps it reach high - up leaves.
  6. A virus has a capsid (protein coat) and genetic material (DNA or RNA). You can draw a simple diagram with a sphere - like capsid enclosing the genetic material and label them.
  7. A virus is non - living because it cannot reproduce on its own, does not have metabolism outside a host cell, and lacks cellular structure.
  8. Life is carbon - based because carbon can form stable covalent bonds with many other elements and can create complex, diverse organic molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  9. Carbon can form 4 bonds. This is important because it allows for the formation of a vast variety of complex organic molecules with different shapes and functions.
  10. A monomer is a single molecule that can join with other identical or different monomers to form a polymer.
  11. A polymer is a large molecule made up of many monomers joined together.
  12. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The ratio is usually 1:2:1 (e.g., for glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆).
  13. A monosaccharide is the simplest form of carbohydrate. Examples are glucose, fructose, and galactose.
  14. A monosaccharide has a general structure with a carbon chain, hydroxyl groups, and a carbonyl group. You can draw a simple structure of glucose with a hexagonal ring and label the carbon atoms, hydroxyl groups, and the carbonyl group.
  15. A polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides. Examples are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
  16. A polysaccharide has a long chain - like structure with repeating monosaccharide units. For example, starch has a helical structure made of glucose units.
  17. Carbohydrates are used for energy (e.g., glucose is a main energy source), structural support (e.g., cellulose in plant cell walls), and cell - to - cell recognition (e.g., glycoproteins on cell surfaces).
  18. An amino acid is a molecule that contains an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R - group. Amino acids are used to build proteins.
  19. There are 20 standard amino acids in proteins.
  20. The difference between amino acids is in the R - group, which gives each amino ac…

Answer:

  1. Cellular organization (bacteria), metabolism (photosynthesis in plants), growth and development (seed to plant), response to stimuli (plants growing towards light), reproduction (rabbits), homeostasis (human body temperature regulation).
  2. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells (Schleiden and Schwann); the cell is the basic unit of life (Schleiden and Schwann); all cells come from pre - existing cells (Virchow).
  3. Atom (carbon atom), molecule (water molecule), organelle (mitochondria), cell (red blood cell), tissue (muscle tissue), organ (heart), organ system (circulatory system), organism (dog), population (group of deer), community (species in a forest), ecosystem (forest ecosystem), biosphere.
  4. Ability to maintain a stable internal environment. Example: human body regulating blood sugar.
  5. Trait for survival and reproduction. Example: giraffe's long neck.
  6. Draw a capsid and label it, draw genetic material inside and label it.
  7. Non - living. Can't reproduce on its own, no metabolism outside host, lacks cellular structure.
  8. Carbon forms stable bonds and complex organic molecules.
  9. 4 bonds. Forms diverse organic molecules.
  10. Single molecule to form polymers.
  11. Large molecule of monomers.
  12. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Ratio 1:2:1.
  13. Glucose, fructose, galactose.
  14. Draw a structure with carbon chain, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.
  15. Starch, glycogen, cellulose.
  16. Draw a long chain structure.
  17. Energy, structural support, cell - to - cell recognition.
  18. Molecule with amino and carboxyl groups. Used for building proteins.
  19. 20.
  20. Difference in R - group.
  21. Peptide bonds.