Question

1. **carbon dioxide has a formula of co₂. use this knowledge to represent phase changes from solid to liquid to gas of a sample of carbon dioxide. label each phase and create a key showing an atom of co₂.
2. **nitrogen (n₂) is in the liquid state at an extremely cold temperature. it boils at -195.79°c (-320°f) and freezes at -210°c (-346°f). liquid nitrogen is typically contained in vacuum flasks, called dewars, which allows the nitrogen to remain cooler than its surroundings. once released to atmospheric conditions, liquid nitrogen boils and is released as a gas, but can cause rapid solidification on contact with living tissue.

in the space provided, draw a particle diagram to represent given scenarios. your response must include at least four molecules in each phase.
the dewar shown above is kept in an industrial freezer in the lab. the temperature of the freezer averages - 201°c.
show the two phases of nitrogen that exist when the rubber stopper is taken off of the dewar. the temperature in the lab is around 23°c.

Explanation:

Step1: Understand carbon - dioxide phase changes

Carbon dioxide can undergo sublimation (solid to gas) without passing through the liquid phase under normal atmospheric pressure. For the atom of $CO_2$, it consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. In a solid - phase diagram of $CO_2$, the molecules are closely packed in an orderly arrangement. In the gas - phase, the $CO_2$ molecules are far apart and move freely.

Step2: Draw nitrogen phase diagram

For nitrogen, in the liquid phase inside the Dewar (at around - 201°C), the nitrogen molecules are close together but can move past each other. When the rubber stopper is removed and the nitrogen is exposed to room temperature (around 23°C), the liquid nitrogen boils and turns into a gas. In the gas phase, the nitrogen molecules ($N_2$) are widely spaced and move randomly. Draw at least four $N_2$ molecules in each phase. For the liquid phase, draw the molecules close together, and for the gas phase, draw them far apart.

Since this is a drawing - based task and no numerical calculations are involved, we cannot provide a single numerical or text - based "answer" in the traditional sense. The task is to create the appropriate phase diagrams as described above for carbon dioxide and nitrogen. So, the response would be to follow the above - described steps to draw the required diagrams for carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

Answer:

Step1: Understand carbon - dioxide phase changes

Carbon dioxide can undergo sublimation (solid to gas) without passing through the liquid phase under normal atmospheric pressure. For the atom of $CO_2$, it consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. In a solid - phase diagram of $CO_2$, the molecules are closely packed in an orderly arrangement. In the gas - phase, the $CO_2$ molecules are far apart and move freely.

Step2: Draw nitrogen phase diagram

For nitrogen, in the liquid phase inside the Dewar (at around - 201°C), the nitrogen molecules are close together but can move past each other. When the rubber stopper is removed and the nitrogen is exposed to room temperature (around 23°C), the liquid nitrogen boils and turns into a gas. In the gas phase, the nitrogen molecules ($N_2$) are widely spaced and move randomly. Draw at least four $N_2$ molecules in each phase. For the liquid phase, draw the molecules close together, and for the gas phase, draw them far apart.

Since this is a drawing - based task and no numerical calculations are involved, we cannot provide a single numerical or text - based "answer" in the traditional sense. The task is to create the appropriate phase diagrams as described above for carbon dioxide and nitrogen. So, the response would be to follow the above - described steps to draw the required diagrams for carbon dioxide and nitrogen.