Question

describe the underlying philosophy behind mercantilism
question 4
what publication established the modern concept of communism?
the communist revolution by joseph lenin
the communist manifesto by karl marx
essays from marx to keynes
marx - engelss sermons and sketches

Explanation:

Mercantilism's philosophy centered on a nation's wealth being measured by its gold and silver reserves. It advocated for a positive balance of trade (exports > imports) to accumulate precious metals. Governments imposed trade - restrictions like tariffs on imports and subsidies for exports to achieve this. It also promoted colonial expansion to secure raw - material sources and markets for domestic goods.

for sub - question:
The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels established the modern concept of communism. It outlined the class struggle, the role of the proletariat, and the eventual overthrow of capitalism to establish a class - less society.

Answer:

Mercantilism's underlying philosophy was that a nation's wealth was determined by its stock of precious metals, and it aimed for a positive balance of trade through government - interventionist policies and colonial expansion.