Question

the difference between statistical error and systematic
best described by which of the following?

○ statistical error is due to an introduced bias, while systema
due to random fluctuations.

○ statistical error is due to random fluctuations, while system
due to an introduced bias.

○ statistical error can be eliminated, while systematic error c

○ statistical error is due to statistics, while systematic error is
system.

question 2

arnold and libby (1949) dated a tree ring using 14c dat
methods. they found the following dates for their tree r
1152, 1134, and 1108 years old, however, the tree ring
actually 1372 years old. their measurements had:

Explanation:

To determine the correct option, we recall the definitions of statistical (random) error and systematic error. Statistical error arises from random fluctuations in measurements or sampling, while systematic error is due to consistent biases (e.g., flawed instruments, experimental design) that introduce a predictable deviation.

• The first option swaps the causes, so it's incorrect.
• The second option correctly states that statistical error is from random fluctuations and systematic error from introduced bias.
• The third option is incorrect because statistical error (random) can be reduced but not fully eliminated in most cases, and systematic error can be identified and corrected (e.g., calibrating instruments), so the "can be eliminated" distinction is wrong.
• The fourth option is a nonsensical description of the errors.

Answer:

B. Statistical error is due to random fluctuations, while systematic error is due to an introduced bias. (Assuming the second option is labeled B; adjust the label based on the original question's numbering if needed.)