Question

directions: answer each of the following questions by selecting or matching the best possible answer. each question is worth 2 points.

1. the axial skeleton is composed of the:

a. arms, legs, and pelvis.
b. lower part of the torso and the legs.
c. skull, face, thorax, and vertebral column.
d. bones that constitute the pelvic girdle.

1. the most distal four spinal vertebrae, which are fused together, form the:

a. ilium.
b. coccyx.
c. sacrum.
d. ischium.

1. the elbow is an example of a __________ joint.

a. hinge
b. saddle
c. gliding
d. ball - and - socket

1. as the bronchus divides into smaller bronchioles, the terminal ends of these smaller passages form the:

a. pleura.
b. alveoli.
c. bronchi.
d. capillaries.

1. dead space is the portion of the respiratory system that:

a. includes the alveoli and capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
b. must be filled with air before gas exchange can take place.
c. receives oxygen but is unable to release carbon dioxide.
d. contains no alveoli and does not participate in gas exchange.

1. the left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the:

a. pulmonary veins.
b. pulmonary arteries.
c. inferior venae cavae.
d. superior venae cavae.

1. the exchange of oxygen and nutrients for waste products of metabolism occurs at the cellular level in the:

a. venules.
b. arteries.
c. arterioles.
d. capillaries.

1. key hormones of the sympathetic nervous system include:

a. acetylcholine and insulin.
b. epinephrine and norepinephrine.
c. glucagon and noradrenaline.
d. norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

Explanation:

1. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, face, thorax, and vertebral column (appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles).
2. The coccyx is formed by 3-5 fused distal spinal vertebrae.
3. The elbow only allows bending/straightening, a hinge joint movement.
4. Bronchioles terminate in alveoli, the site of gas exchange.
5. Dead space refers to respiratory passages without alveoli, so no gas exchange occurs here.
6. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left heart.
7. Capillaries are the tiny vessels where cellular nutrient/waste exchange happens.
8. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are the primary hormones of the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer:

1. c. skull, face, thorax, and vertebral column.
2. b. coccyx.
3. a. hinge
4. b. alveoli.
5. d. contains no alveoli and does not participate in gas exchange.
6. a. pulmonary veins.
7. d. capillaries.
8. b. epinephrine and norepinephrine.