Question

1. draw the lewis dot diagram for the following elements. then draw the bohr diagram for the ions they form:

a) calcium (ion: ca²⁺)
b) fluorine
c) lithium
d) nitrogen
5)

Explanation:

Step1: Determine valence electrons for neutral atoms

Calcium (Ca) has 20 electrons. In its neutral state, the electron - configuration is 2, 8, 8, 2. For the ion $Ca^{2 +}$, it loses 2 electrons, so it has 18 electrons. Fluorine (F) has 9 electrons in its neutral state with electron - configuration 2, 7. Lithium (Li) has 3 electrons in its neutral state with electron - configuration 2, 1, and for the ion $Li^{+}$ it loses 1 electron and has 2 electrons. Nitrogen (N) has 7 electrons in its neutral state with electron - configuration 2, 5.

Step2: Draw Lewis Dot Diagrams

• For $Ca^{2+}$: Since it has lost its 2 valence electrons, there are no valence electrons shown in the Lewis dot diagram.
• For F: It has 7 valence electrons, so the Lewis dot diagram has 7 dots around the symbol F.
• For $Li^{+}$: Since it has lost its 1 valence electron, there are no valence electrons shown in the Lewis dot diagram.
• For N: It has 5 valence electrons, so the Lewis dot diagram has 5 dots around the symbol N.

Step3: Draw Bohr Diagrams for ions

• For $Ca^{2+}$: It has 3 electron - shells with 2, 8, 8 electrons in each shell respectively.
• For F: It has 2 electron - shells with 2, 7 electrons in each shell respectively.
• For $Li^{+}$: It has 1 electron - shell with 2 electrons.
• For N: It has 2 electron - shells with 2, 5 electrons in each shell respectively.

Answer:

Lewis Dot Diagrams:

• $Ca^{2+}$: No dots.
• F: 7 dots around F.
• $Li^{+}$: No dots.
• N: 5 dots around N.

Bohr Diagrams:

• $Ca^{2+}$: 3 shells with 2, 8, 8 electrons.
• F: 2 shells with 2, 7 electrons.
• $Li^{+}$: 1 shell with 2 electrons.
• N: 2 shells with 2, 5 electrons.