for each item below, specify the independent and dependent variables, as well as constants.
1. a study was done to find if different tire treads affect the braking distance of a car.
i: ______________ d: ______________ c: ______________
2. the time it takes to run a mile depends on the person’s running speed.
i: ______________ d: ______________ c: ______________
3. the height of bean plants depends on the amount of water they receive.
i: ______________ d: ______________ c: ______________
4. the higher the temperature of the air in the oven, the faster a cake will bake.
i: ______________ d: ______________ c: ______________
5. lemon trees receiving the most water produced the most lemons.
i: ______________ d: ______________ c: ______________
6. an investigation found that more bushels of potatoes were produced when the soil was fertilized more.
i: ______________ d: ______________ c: ______________
7. students measured the temperature of the water at different depths in lake skywalker and found that the temperature varied.
i: ______________ d: ______________ c: ______________
8. the amount of pollution produced by cars was measured for cars using gasoline containing different amounts of lead.
i: ______________ d: ______________ c: ______________
9. four groups of rats are first massed and then fed identical diets except for the amount of vitamin a they receive. each group gets a different amount. after 3 weeks on the diet, the rats’ masses are measured again to see if there has been a decrease.
i: ______________ d: ______________ c: ______________

Question

for each item below, specify the independent and dependent variables, as well as constants.
1. a study was done to find if different tire treads affect the braking distance of a car.
   i: ______________   d: ______________   c: ______________
2. the time it takes to run a mile depends on the person’s running speed.
   i: ______________   d: ______________   c: ______________
3. the height of bean plants depends on the amount of water they receive.
   i: ______________   d: ______________   c: ______________
4. the higher the temperature of the air in the oven, the faster a cake will bake.
   i: ______________   d: ______________   c: ______________
5. lemon trees receiving the most water produced the most lemons.
   i: ______________   d: ______________   c: ______________
6. an investigation found that more bushels of potatoes were produced when the soil was fertilized more.
   i: ______________   d: ______________   c: ______________
7. students measured the temperature of the water at different depths in lake skywalker and found that the temperature varied.
   i: ______________   d: ______________   c: ______________
8. the amount of pollution produced by cars was measured for cars using gasoline containing different amounts of lead.
   i: ______________   d: ______________   c: ______________
9. four groups of rats are first massed and then fed identical diets except for the amount of vitamin a they receive. each group gets a different amount. after 3 weeks on the diet, the rats’ masses are measured again to see if there has been a decrease.
   i: ______________   d: ______________   c: ______________

Accepted Answer

### 1.
# Brief Explanations:
- Independent Variable (I): The factor being manipulated, here different tire treads.
- Dependent Variable (D): The factor being measured, braking distance of a car.
- Constant (C): Factors kept same, like car model, road conditions, speed before braking (assumed constant for the study).
# Answer:
I: Different tire treads
D: Braking distance of a car
C: Car model, road conditions, initial speed (etc.)

### 2.
# Brief Explanations:
- I: The variable causing change, running speed.
- D: The variable dependent on I, time to run a mile.
- C: Factors like person’s fitness level (if kept same), type of track (assumed constant).
# Answer:
I: Person’s running speed
D: Time to run a mile
C: Person’s fitness, track type (etc.)

### 3.
# Brief Explanations:
- I: The manipulated variable, amount of water.
- D: The measured variable, height of bean plants.
- C: Factors like type of bean, soil type, sunlight (kept constant).
# Answer:
I: Amount of water
D: Height of bean plants
C: Type of bean, soil type, sunlight (etc.)

### 4.
# Brief Explanations:
- I: The variable changed, temperature of oven air.
- D: The variable affected, time to bake a cake (faster baking means less time).
- C: Factors like cake recipe, oven type, cake size (kept constant).
# Answer:
I: Temperature of oven air
D: Time to bake a cake (or baking speed)
C: Cake recipe, oven type, cake size (etc.)

### 5.
# Brief Explanations:
- I: The variable manipulated, amount of water.
- D: The variable measured, number of lemons produced.
- C: Factors like lemon tree type, soil type, sunlight (kept constant).
# Answer:
I: Amount of water
D: Number of lemons produced
C: Lemon tree type, soil type, sunlight (etc.)

### 6.
# Brief Explanations:
- I: The variable changed, amount of soil fertilization.
- D: The variable measured, number of bushels of potatoes.
- C: Factors like potato type, soil type, climate (kept constant).
# Answer:
I: Amount of soil fertilization
D: Number of bushels of potatoes
C: Potato type, soil type, climate (etc.)

### 7.
# Brief Explanations:
- I: The variable manipulated, depth in Lake Skywalker.
- D: The variable measured, water temperature.
- C: Factors like time of measurement, lake location (kept constant).
# Answer:
I: Depth in Lake Skywalker
D: Water temperature
C: Time of measurement, lake location (etc.)

### 8.
# Brief Explanations:
- I: The variable changed, amount of lead in gasoline.
- D: The variable measured, amount of pollution produced by cars.
- C: Factors like car model, driving conditions, gasoline brand (kept constant).
# Answer:
I: Amount of lead in gasoline
D: Amount of pollution produced by cars
C: Car model, driving conditions, gasoline brand (etc.)

### 9.
# Brief Explanations:
- I: The variable manipulated, amount of vitamin A.
- D: The variable measured, change in rats’ masses (or final mass).
- C: Factors like rat type, diet (except vitamin A), initial mass (kept constant).
# Answer:
I: Amount of vitamin A
D: Change in rats’ masses (or final mass)
C: Rat type, diet (except vitamin A), initial mass (etc.)

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