Question

edward tolman believed that rats showed ______. pre - knowledge after repeated exposure to a maze & with a reward no knowledge when a reinforcer was added to a maze already tried advanced knowledge of the tricks of the maze with many exposures survival skills akin to knowledge created by frustration

Explanation:

Edward Tolman's work on cognitive maps and latent learning showed that rats developed knowledge (cognitive maps) of a maze through repeated exposure, and the presence of a reward (reinforcer) could demonstrate this pre - existing knowledge (latent learning). The first option matches this as it talks about pre - knowledge after repeated maze exposure and with a reward. The second option is incorrect as Tolman's work showed rats did have knowledge (latent) that was demonstrated with a reinforcer. The third option's "advanced knowledge of tricks" is not what Tolman's work focused on (it was about cognitive maps of the maze layout). The fourth option about survival skills from frustration is not related to Tolman's maze experiments on latent learning.

Answer:

A. pre - knowledge after repeated exposure to a maze & with a reward