Question

1. epidemiological studies link cause and effect.

○ true
○ false

1. case-control studies are small-scale epidemiological studies.

○ true
○ false

Explanation:

Question 5

Epidemiological studies, like cohort or case - control studies, aim to identify associations between exposures (causes) and health outcomes (effects), though establishing strict cause - effect can be complex, they do link cause and effect in a research context.

Case - control studies can be small - scale as they compare a group with the disease (cases) and without (controls) to look at past exposures. They don't require large populations always and are often used for rare diseases or initial investigations, fitting the idea of small - scale epidemiological studies.

Answer:

True

Question 9