Question

forming hypotheses
hypothesis: __ that can be __ by recording more observations and experiments

• often heard as: “if … , then … (because…)” but does not need to be in this format
• “if” – the ____ variable
• “then” – the ____ variable
• “because” – optional ____
• results can either __ or __ the hypothesis
• never say

null and alternative hypotheses

1. always start with a ____

• provides a ____ that scientists can test against, helping them determine if their results are significant or due to chance
• the null hypothesis (h₀) is a hypothesis which the researcher attempts to __, , or __; by attempting to reject the null, researchers can support their experimental hypothesis and draw meaningful conclusions
• the hypothesis that there is __ between two groups of data, and the experimental observations are due to __.
• example null hypothesis statements:
• h₀: there will be ____ in headache relief between individuals who take tylenol and those who do not
• or tylenol will have ____ on headache relief

→ questions?
→ textbook
chapters/pages

Explanation:

1. For the first part "Hypothesis: ____ that can be ____ by recording more observations and experiments": A hypothesis is a prediction (or educated guess) that can be tested through observations and experiments.
2. For the "If" - "Then" - "Because" breakdown:

• "If" refers to the independent variable (the one the experimenter manipulates).
• "Then" refers to the dependent variable (the one that responds to the independent variable).
• "Because" is an optional explanation/reasoning (based on prior knowledge or theory).

1. For "Results can either ____ or ____ the hypothesis": Experimental results can either support (if they align with the prediction) or reject (if they contradict the prediction) the hypothesis.
2. For "Null and Alternative Hypotheses - Always start with a ______": Null and alternative hypothesis testing always starts with a null hypothesis (a statement of no effect or no difference).

• It provides a baseline (or standard) to test against, helping determine if results are significant or due to chance.
• The null hypothesis (\(H_0\)) is what researchers attempt to reject, disprove, or falsify (since rejecting the null lends support to the alternative/experimental hypothesis).
• The null hypothesis states there is no difference (or no relationship) between two groups of data, and experimental observations are due to chance.
• Example null hypothesis for Tylenol: \(H_0\): There will be no difference in headache relief between individuals who take Tylenol and those who do not. OR Tylenol will have no effect on headache relief.

Answer:

s (Filling in the Blanks):

1. Hypothesis: \(\boldsymbol{\text{An educated guess (or prediction)}}\) that can be \(\boldsymbol{\text{tested}}\) by recording more observations and experiments
2. "If" – the \(\boldsymbol{\text{independent}}\) variable
3. "Then" – the \(\boldsymbol{\text{dependent}}\) variable
4. "Because" – optional \(\boldsymbol{\text{explanation (or reasoning)}}\)
5. Results can either \(\boldsymbol{\text{support}}\) or \(\boldsymbol{\text{reject}}\) the hypothesis
6. Always start with a \(\boldsymbol{\text{null hypothesis}}\)
7. Provides a \(\boldsymbol{\text{baseline (or standard)}}\) that scientists can test against...
8. The null hypothesis (\(H_0\)) is a hypothesis which the researcher attempts to \(\boldsymbol{\text{reject}}\), \(\boldsymbol{\text{disprove}}\), or \(\boldsymbol{\text{falsify}}\);...
9. The hypothesis that there is \(\boldsymbol{\text{no difference (or no relationship)}}\) between two groups of data, and the experimental observations are due to \(\boldsymbol{\text{chance}}\).
10. \(H_0\): There will be \(\boldsymbol{\text{no difference}}\) in headache relief between individuals who take Tylenol and those who do not
11. OR Tylenol will have \(\boldsymbol{\text{no effect}}\) on headache relief