greece & rome study guide
1. what generalization can be made about roman empire practices with regards to trade?
2. how would you describe the city - states, political loyalty, and persia as an enemy of greece?
3. which geographic feature served as a barrier to political unity and encouraged the rise of independent city - states in ancient greece?
4. which term is most closely associated with hellenism under alexander the great?
5. what was one of the most important contributions of the greek city - state of athens?
6. at the height of its power, which ancient civilization controlled the entire coastal region surrounding the mediterranean sea?
7. in what manner did pericles influence athenian culture?
8. what was one reason for the decline of the western roman empire?
9. one way in which the odyssey and the iliad are similar in that they are...
10. the first peoples in the region that would become greece started on the island of crete. they were called the...
11. the __________ learned writing skills from the group in question 10 and absorbed egyptian and mesopotamians customs, which they passed on to later greeks.
12. this consisted of a major city or town and its surrounding countryside.
13. in ancient greece, a ____ was a play that mocked people or social customs, while a ____ was a play about human suffering often ending in disaster.
14. in 431 bce war broke out between athens and sparta. this conflict was known as the...

Question

Accepted Answer

Since there are multiple sub - questions related to the history of ancient Greece and Rome, we will answer them one by one using the Answer - Explanation Format.

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
The Roman Empire had an extensive trade network. They built good roads, had a stable currency, and encouraged trade within and outside the empire. A generalization could be that the Roman Empire promoted and regulated trade to support its economy and expand its influence, using infrastructure like roads and a common currency to facilitate it.
# Answer:
The Roman Empire promoted and regulated trade, using infrastructure (e.g., roads) and a stable currency to facilitate trade within and beyond its territories to support its economy and expand influence.

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
Greek city - states (poleis) were independent political entities, each with its own government, laws, and culture. Political loyalty was mainly to one's own city - state. Persia was seen as an enemy because of its attempts to invade Greece, as seen in the Greco - Persian Wars, which united the Greek city - states temporarily against a common foreign threat.
# Answer:
Greek city - states were independent polities with unique governance/culture. Political loyalty was to one’s city - state. Persia was an enemy due to invasion attempts (Greco - Persian Wars), uniting Greeks temporarily.

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
The mountainous terrain of ancient Greece, with many mountain ranges like the Pindus Mountains, acted as a barrier. These mountains made it difficult for different regions to communicate and unite politically, so independent city - states developed in the valleys between the mountains.
# Answer:
The mountainous terrain (e.g., Pindus Mountains) served as a barrier to political unity and encouraged independent city - states in ancient Greece.

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
Hellenism under Alexander the Great is most closely associated with cultural diffusion. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture (language, art, architecture, ideas) to the regions he conquered (like Egypt, Persia, etc.), while also incorporating elements of those cultures into Greek culture, a process known as Hellenization.
# Answer:
Cultural diffusion (Hellenization) is most closely associated with Hellenism under Alexander the Great, as his conquests spread Greek culture and incorporated other cultures.

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
Athens made a crucial contribution to democracy. It developed a direct democracy where citizens (male, free, native - born) could participate in the political process, voting on laws, holding public office, etc. This democratic model influenced later political systems.
# Answer:
One of the most important contributions of Athens was the development of direct democracy, where citizens (male, free, native - born) participated in governance.

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
At the height of its power, the Roman Empire controlled the entire coastal region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Rome expanded its territory through conquests, and the Mediterranean became a "Roman lake" as they controlled all the lands bordering it.
# Answer:
The Roman Empire controlled the entire coastal region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea at the height of its power.

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
Pericles promoted Athenian culture by supporting the arts, architecture, and intellectual pursuits. He funded the building of the Parthenon, supported playwrights like Sophocles and Euripides, and encouraged philosophical thinking, making Athens a cultural center.
# Answer:
Pericles promoted Athenian culture by funding art/architecture (e.g., Parthenon), supporting playwrights, and encouraging intellectual pursuits, making Athens a cultural hub.

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
One reason for the decline of the Western Roman Empire was internal political instability (succession crises, corrupt officials), external invasions (by Germanic tribes like the Visigoths, Vandals), economic problems (inflation, decline in trade), and the division of the empire (into Western and Eastern) which weakened the Western part.
# Answer:
One reason for the Western Roman Empire's decline was external invasions (e.g., by Germanic tribes) combined with internal political/economic instability.

### Question 9
# Brief Explanations:
The Odyssey and The Iliad are both epic poems attributed to Homer. They are works of ancient Greek literature that tell stories of heroes (like Odysseus in The Odyssey and Achilles in The Iliad), involve gods and goddesses, and are written in dactylic hexameter, and they help preserve Greek mythology and cultural values.
# Answer:
The Odyssey and The Iliad are similar as they are epic poems (by Homer) featuring heroes, gods, and preserving Greek mythology/cultural values.

### Question 10
# Brief Explanations:
The first peoples in the region that became Greece, starting on the island of Crete, were the Minoans. They had a sophisticated civilization with advanced architecture (like the Palace of Knossos), art, and a writing system (Linear A).
# Answer:
The first peoples in the region that would become Greece, starting on Crete, were called the Minoans.

### Question 11
# Brief Explanations:
The Mycenaeans learned writing skills from the Minoans (the group in question 10). They absorbed Egyptian and Mesopotamian customs and passed on a modified culture to later Greeks. The Mycenaeans used a writing system called Linear B, which was adapted from Linear A of the Minoans.
# Answer:
The Mycenaeans learned writing skills from the Minoans and absorbed Egyptian/Mesopotamian customs, passing them to later Greeks.

### Question 12
# Brief Explanations:
A city - state (polis) consisted of a major city or town and its surrounding countryside. In ancient Greece, the polis was the basic political unit, with the city at its center and the rural area around it providing resources and a population base.
# Answer:
A city - state (polis) consisted of a major city/town and its surrounding countryside.

### Question 13
# Brief Explanations:
In ancient Greece, a comedy was a play that mocked people or social customs (e.g., the comedies of Aristophanes). A tragedy was a play about human suffering, often ending in disaster (e.g., the tragedies of Sophocles, like Oedipus Rex).
# Answer:
In ancient Greece, a comedy was a play that mocked people/social customs, while a tragedy was a play about human suffering often ending in disaster.

### Question 14
# Brief Explanations:
In 431 BCE, the war between Athens and Sparta was known as the Peloponnesian War. It was a long - lasting conflict that weakened both city - states and had a significant impact on the balance of power in ancient Greece.
# Answer:
In 431 BCE, the war between Athens and Sparta was known as the Peloponnesian War.

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