Question

how do lichens alter the abiotic environment to favor the establishment of other species of plants?
they break down rock and form soil.
they reflect sunlight to help them to grow.
they provide energy for other plants.
they are a good food source for pollinators.
they do not help other plants to grow at all.

Explanation:

Lichens are pioneer species in primary succession. They secrete acids that break down rock surfaces, and as they die and decompose, they add organic matter, gradually forming soil. This soil provides a substrate for other plants to root and grow, directly altering the abiotic (non-living) environment. The other options are incorrect: lichens do not reflect sunlight to aid other plants, they do not provide energy directly to other plants, they are not a primary food source for pollinators, and they do assist other plant establishment.

Answer:

They break down rock and form soil.