Question

interestingly, in the real world no statistician would ever calculate standard deviation by hand. the calculations involved are somewhat complex, and the risk of making a mistake is high. also, calculating by hand is slow. very slow. this is why statisticians rely on spreadsheets and computer programs to crunch their numbers. so, why are we taking time to learn a process statisticians dont actually use? the answer is that learning to do the calculations by hand will give us insight into how standard deviation really works. this insight is valuable. instead of viewing standard deviation as some magical number our spreadsheet or computer program gives us, well be able to explain where that number comes from. the formula for standard deviation (sd) is $sd = sqrt{\frac{sum(x - mu)^2}{n}}$ where $sum$ means \sum of\, $x$ is a value in the data set, $mu$ is the mean of the data set, and $n$ is the number of data points in the population. the standard deviation formula may look confusing, but it will make sense after we break it down. guided steps: step 1: find the mean. step 2: for each data point, find the square of its distance to the mean. step 3: sum the values from step 2. step 4: divide by the number of data points. step 5: take the square root. here is our data set: 6,2,3,1 step 1: finding $mu$ in $sqrt{\frac{sum(x - mu)^2}{n}}$ in this step, we find the mean of the data set, which is represented by the variable, $mu$. fill in the blank with your answer. step 2: finding $(x - mu)^2$ in $sqrt{\frac{sum(x - mu)^2}{n}}$ in this step, we find the distance from each data point to the mean (i.e., the deviations) and square each of those distances. for example, the first data point is 6 and the mean is 3, so the distance between them is 3. squaring this distance gives us 9. complete the table below. data point $x$ square of the distance from the mean $(x - mu)^2$ 6 9 2 3 1 put each answer into a different blank. question 2 (20 points)

Explanation:

Answer:

(a) \( \mu=\frac{6 + 2+3 + 1}{4}=3 \)
(b) For \(x = 2\), \((2 - 3)^2=1\); for \(x = 3\), \((3 - 3)^2 = 0\); for \(x = 1\), \((1 - 3)^2=4\)